Wood Terms and Definitions

• Assembly Adhesive – An adhesive that can be used for bonding parts
  together, such as in the manufacture of a boat, airplane, and furniture.
• Cold-Setting Adhesive – An adhesive that sets at a temperature below 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius)
• Construction Adhesive – Any adhesive used to assemble primary
  building materials into components during building construction; most
  commonly applied to elastomeric-based adhesives.
• Contract Adhesive – An adhesive that is apparently dry to the touch
  and that will adhere to itself instantaneously upon contact; also
  called contact bond adhesive.
• Gap-Filling Adhesive – An adhesive capable of forming and maintaining a bond between surfaces that are not close fitting.
• Hot-Melt Adhesive – An adhesive that is applied in a molten state and forms a bond upon cooling to a solid state.
• Hot-Setting Adhesive – An adhesive that requires a temperature at or above 212 degrees F.
• Room Temperature Curing Adhesive – An adhesive that sets in the
  temperature range of 68 to 86 degrees F, in accordance with the limits
  for Standard Room Temperature specified in the Standard Methods of
  Conditioning Plastics and Electrical Insulting Materials for Testing.
• Solvent Adhesive – An adhesive having a volatile organic liquid as a vehicle.
• Structural Adhesive – A bonding agent used for transferring
  required loads between adherents exposed to service environments typical
  for the structure involved.

• Dark purple-brown with black streaks
• Usually straight grained
• Extremely fine and even texture
• Exceptionally heavy and dense
• Difficult to work with
• Pre-boring is required
• Used for woodwind instruments, ornamental work, carved figures, walking sticks, knife handles and inlay work

• Heartwood varies from light to deep reddish-brown
• Straight to interlocked grain
• Moderately coarse textured
• Widely used for furniture and cabinet making, interior joinery, boat building and decorative work

• Vivid blood red heartwood to dark purple-brown
• Straight to interlocked grain
• Excellent strength properties
• Medium resistance to shock loads and stiffness
• Used for fancy turnery, tool and knife handles, paddles, oars, agricultural implements, and heavy-duty flooring

• Bronze-Orange heartwood
• Interlocked grain
• Fine texture
• Lustrous
• Medium crushing strength
• Low bending strength
• Resistance to shock loads
• Very low stiffness
• Moderate bending classification
• Works well with hand and machine tools
• Tends to split when nailed
• Used for furniture, cabinets, paneling, gun stocks, domestic flooring, and billiard tables.

• Dull reddish brown with darker lines
• Low bending classification
• Low bending strength
• Resistant to shock loads
• Very low stiffness
• Medium crushing strength
• Low cutting resistance
• Nails and screws satisfactorily
• Glues well
• Used for brooms, hat blocks, toys, wooden clog soles, veneers

• The ambrosia beetle causes the wormy pattern in this soft maple
• Beautiful brown and gray stripes with small worm holes
• Medium bending and crushing strength
• Used for furniture and flooring

• Light mahogany color to reddish-brown
• Straight grained, occasionally interlocked with ripple marks, producing Fiddleback figure.
• Medium bending and crushing strength
• Low stiffness
• Sanding is required for smoother finish
• Pre-boring is necessary for nailing
• Used for boat and ship decking, light construction, flooring and rafters, furniture, and turnery.

• Heartwood is cream colored to tan with a pinkish tinge
• Usually straight grained, sometimes wavy
• Medium to coarse texture
• Medium bending strength
• Used for furniture, cabinet wood, general utility and interior purposes

• Grey-brown heartwood
• Generally straight grained and coarse
• Even textured
• Variable bending properties
• Good strength, elasticity, toughness, stiffness, and hardness qualities.
• Excellent shock resistance
• Pre-boring is necessary when nailing
• Used for all types of sport equipment, bats, cues, oars, handles, church pews, cabinets, and decorative veneers.

• Mostly golden colored
• Closed and tight grain
• Very durable
• Used for flooring, feature finishes, and cabinets

• Creamy white to pale pink color
• Straight grained and fine
• Even texture
• Poor steam bending classification
• Very low strength properties
• Low resistance
• Used for hand carvings, piano keys, beehives, picture framing, toys, veneers, and boxes

• Reddish-brown
• Straight grained
• Fine, even texture
• Excellent wood bending properties
• High crushing strength
• Medium stiffness
• Medium resistance to shock loads
• Good nailing and gluing properties
• Excellent for turnery
• Used for cabinetmaking, flooring, turnery, handles, veneers

• Yellow sapwood
• Reddish-brown heartwood
• Straight, close grained
• Fine and even texture
• High bending strength, crushing strength and resistance to shock loads
• Uniform, dense surface
• Free from large groups of pores
• Used for furniture, flooring, turnery, cabinets, and marquetry

• Heartwood varies from gray-red to deep rich red
• Straight to variable grain
• Fine and smooth texture
• High bending and crushing strength
• Used for cabinets, furniture, decorative inlay, and marquetry work

• Heartwood is salmon red to orange-brown with dark brown streaks
• Usually interlocked grain
• Medium to coarse texture
• Very strong, hard, and tough
• Good bending characteristics
• High shock resistance
• Moderately difficult to work with
• High density
• Used for furniture, turning, tool handles, sporting goods, flooring, and joinery

• Medium red-brown color
• Straight or interlocked grain
• Moderately coarse texture, but even
• Low steam bending qualities
• Used for turnery, knife handles, decorative veneers for cabinets and paneling

• Medium dark brown heartwood
• Straight grained
• Low wood bending classification
• Works easily with hand and power tools
• Nails, screws and glues well
• Used for high-class joinery, interior trim for boats, furniture, boxes, and crates

• Heartwood varies from pale-yellow-brown to pale olive-brown streaks
• Usually straight and regular grain
• Medium density
• Used for pattern making, musical instruments, cabinets, interior trim for boats, toys and doors

• Heartwood varies from rich red to reddish-brown
• Fine, straight, close grain
• Smooth texture
• Good wood bending properties
• Low stiffness
• Medium strength and resistance to shock loads
• Takes an excellent polish
• Used for tobacco pipes, musical instruments, furniture, cabinets, boat interiors, decorative veneers, and wall paneling

• Very heavy, tough, strong timber
• High mechanical strength
• Rich red heartwood
• Irregular grain
• Fine uniform texture
• Used for cutlery handles, small tool-handles, small trinkets, fancy goods, wooden jewelry, and small decorative items

• Slack Cooperage: Used as containers for dry, semidry, and
  solid products. The staves are usually not closely fitted and are held
  together with headed steel, wire, or wood hoops.
• Tight Cooperage: Used as containers for liquids,
  semisolids, or heavy solids. Staves are well fitted and held tightly
  with cooperage-grade steel hoops.

• Color varies from golden tan to a reddish brown
• Difficult to saw
• High density
• Very durable
• Used for outdoor decking, flooring, heavy construction, railroad crossties, tool handles, and turnery

• Heartwood varies from rich red to reddish-brown
• Fine, straight grain
• Smooth texture
• Medium strength
• Good bending characteristics
• Low stiffness
• Medium shock resistance
• Works easily with hand and power tools
• Used for furniture, flooring, high-class joinery, boat interiors, tobacco pipes, paneling, and veneers

• Creamy-white with red tinge
• Usually straight grain
• High bending and crushing strength
• Medium stiffness
• Used for furniture, heavy-duty, flooring, piano actions, and paneling

• Creamy-white color
• Wavy or “curly” grain
• Medium bending and crushing strength
• Low stiffness and resistance to shock loads
• Used for furniture, joinery, domestic flooring, sporting goods and paneling

Dressed and Matched

Drop Siding

Lumber that has been dressed on two sides.

A rectangular channel cut partway into a board.

Grain which is darker than the rest and should not be confused with pitch streaks.

Diameter at Breast Height

A specialized mallet helpful in minimizing damage to the struck surface and in controlling striking force with minimal rebound from the striking surface.

The weight of the structure itself; which includes built-in benches, the plank system, support structure and any railings, and other permanent features.

A beetle that is about ¼ inch long and very destructive to structural beams.

The decomposition of wood by fungi

• Advanced Decay – The older stage of decay in which the destruction is readily recognized because the wood has become punky, soft and spongy, stringy, pitted, and crumbly.
• Brown Rot – In wood, any decay in which the attack concentrates on the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than on the lignin, producing a light to dark brown residue.
• Dry Rot – A term loosely applied to any dry, crumbly rot but especially to that which, when in an advanced stage, permits the wood to be crushed easily to a dry powder.
• Incipient Decay – The early stage of decay that has not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise perceptibly impair the hardness of the wood.
• Heart Rot – Any rot characteristically confined to the heartwood. It generally originates in the living tree.
• Pocket Rot – Advanced decay that appears in the form of a hole or pocket, usually surrounded by apparently sound wood.
• Soft Rot – A special type of decay developing under very wet conditions in the outer wood layers, caused by cellulose-destroying micro-fungi that attack the secondary cell walls and not the intercellular layer.
• White Rot – Any decay or rot attacking both the cellulose and the lignin, producing a generally whitish reside that may be spongy or stringy rot, or occur as pocket rot.

A knot is disintegration of wood due to the action of wood-destroying fungi.

Trees that have broad leaves that are shed in the fall. It is usually it is a hardwood.

Boards used for the surface of a deck; lumber expressed in nominal terms as being 2” to 4” thick and 4” and wider. Decking is usually surfaced to single tongue and groove in 2” nominal thickness. In 3” and 4” nominal thickness it may be double tongue and groove and worked with rounded or V edges, striated, or grooved. Decking is widely used for roofing and flooring.

Deck Tiles are also known as elevated decking, this is a modular square wood tile system that can be used as roof decking, pool decking, exteriior decking, elevated decks, as well as interior flooring. Combinining the outdoors with the indoors has never been easier. Modular deck tiles are easy to install and are a versatile decking solution a easy remodel solution and are built with the DIY home owner in mind with ease of installation.

An irregularity found in a board that lowers its strength and value. Common defects are checks, knots, staining, etc. Conk, crook, decay, split, sweep, or other injury in the wood that decreases the amount of useable wood that can be obtained from a log.

The amount of sag in a counter, floor, joist, or shelf caused by the weight its supporting. Vertical distance between the chord and the skyline measured at midspan; frequently expressed as a percentage of the horizontal span length.

Insects that destroy foliage.

Any defect that lowers the grade or quality of a log.

Developed to reduce humidity in store rooms and basement conditions.

The separation of layers in laminated wood or plywood caused by failure of the adhesive itself or of the interface between adhesive and adhered.

Removal of part or all of the lignin from wood by chemical treatment.

Metal grid used with a skidder for removing limbs.

Study of the identification of trees.

The weight of a body or substance per unit volume.

A procedure for segregating wood according to density, based on percentage of latewood and number of growth rings per inch of radius.

Deduction from taxable income derived from wasting assets. The Internal Revenue Code of the United States permits the calculation of depletion allowances either on the basis of a percentage of the gross income from the property in question or on a per-unit-of-product basis. Depletion differs from depreciation in that the asset subject to depletion cannot be replaced; a mine or an oil field cannot be replaced in the same manner that a factory or machine can be replaced.

A measurement of strength in lumber, involving basic properties of wood. They are: compression perpendicular to grain (Fcl), fiber stress in bending (Fb), horizontal sheer (Fv), modulus of elasticity (E), and tensions parallel to grain (Ft).

Double End Trimmed

The temperature at which atmospheric water vapor condenses out as a liquid.

Douglas Fir

Douglas Fir-Larch

A measuring instrument with a circular graduated face and a pin which activates a rotating pointer to measure variation in movement in thousandths of an inch.

Cross grain exhibiting deviation of the growth-ring plane from the longitudinal axis, commonly the result of sawing boards other then parallel to the bark of the log.

Classification of trees based on the diameter of outside bark measured at D.B.H. In forest surveys, each diameter class encompasses approximately 2 inches: the 6-inch class would include trees 5.0 through 6.9 inches in D.B.H.

Diameter measurement of a standing tree or log in which the estimated or actual thickness of the bark is discounted.

Maximum diameter of trees to be cut, as in a timber sales contract.

Measurement of trees diameter in which the bark is included.

Tape measurer specially graduated so that diameter may be read directly when the tape is placed around a log or tree stem.

Spade-like tool used to prepare planting holes for seedlings. Dibbles are most commonly used in the South but are used in other areas for planting contained seedlings.

Certain hardwoods in which the pores tend to be uniform in size and distribution throughout each annual ring or to decrease in size slightly and gradually toward the outer border of the ring.

Dimension

Framing lumber; generally applied to lumber when the nominal size is 2 inches thick and 2 or more inches wide. The National Grading Rule for Softwood Dimension Lumber defines “dimension” as lumber from 2 through 4 inches thick and 2 inches and wider.

Lumber that is from two inches thick up to, but not including, five inches thick, and that is also two or more inches in width. Dimensions can also be classified as framing, joists, planks, rafters, etc.

Cost that varies in direct proportion to production and is attributable to a specific factor of production.

Predetermining the way a tree will land when it hits the ground. When shears are used, the wedge-shaped blade provides a lever that directs the tree into its lay.

Spreading seeds over the forest seedbed by hand or machine. This practice is used to assist or supplement natural seed fall and to achieve regeneration.

Changes in the color of wood which affect only its appearance.

Decking

A pattern with a thick and a thing edge and lap joint.

The most numerous and vigorous species in a mixed forest. Larger-than-average trees with well-developed crowns extending above the general canopy level and receiving full light from above and partial light from the side.

Synonymous with ‘decay’ and are any form of decay which may be evident as either a discoloration or a softening of the wood.

Mechanized cutting tool for felling trees; works like a pair of scissors. One blade is slightly offset, but both work against the other. Some work edge to edge.

A winch consisting of two drums controlled separately, one for the dragline and the other from the haul-back line. Sometimes mounted on and powered by a tractor.

Both ends cut reasonably square by a saw.

A method of joining wood at the corners by the use of interlocking pins and tails; a tenon that is shaped like a dove’s spread tail to fit into a corresponding mortise.

A wood pin used to align and hold two adjoining pieces.

A circular metal pin with a raised point that is inserted into a dowel hole and used to locate the exact center on a mating piece of wood.

A cylindrical wooden pin that is used to reinforce a wood joint.

A type of Japanese woodworking saw that is used for fine joinery work such as dovetails. Its western equivalent is a back saw.

A tool having a blade with a handle at each end; by drawing it towards you, you can shave surfaces.

A mechanism used to make drawers slide in and out.

A device installed in a cabinet to limit the drawers’ movement.

Lumber that has been worked with a tongue off center on one edge of each piece and a groove on the opposite edge to provide a close joint by fitting two pieces together.

Shaping the cutting edge of a chisel to correct the bevel.

An implement with cutting edges or a pointed end for boring holes in hard materials, usually by a rotating abrasion or repeated blows; a bit.

The portion of a band saw’s pulley-like drive system that propels the blade forward.

A lumber pattern with lap or tongue and groove joints.

Seasoned, usually to a moisture content of less than 19%.

An enclosed chamber in which temperate and humidity conditions are subject to control for the purpose of drying lumber.

A term loosely applied to many types of decay but especially to that which, when in an advanced stage, permits the wood to be easily crushed to a dry powder; the term is actually a misnomer for any decay, since all fungi require considerable moisture for growth.

The strength of an adhesive joint determined immediately after drying under specified conditions or after a period of conditioning in a standard laboratory atmosphere.

A paneling product used as an interior wall and ceiling covering made of gypsum plaster with paper facings. The gypsum plaster may be reinforced with recycled fiber.

Generally lumber of a low grade used to separate and bind ship cargo; stakes, stripes and other pieces that are needed in holding and protecting merchandise on railroad cars and truck shipments.

A general term for permanence or lastingness; frequently used to refer to the degree of resistance of a species or of an individual piece of wood to attack by wood-destroying fungi under conditions that favor such attack.

Edge

Edge & Center Bead Two Sides

Edge & Center V One Side

Edge & Center V Two Sides

A timber management concept used by the USDA Forest Service. This allows the timber manager an immediate increase in the allowable cut when the manager applies intensive management techniques that will accelerate future timber growth.

The first part of the trees’ rings to form after winter hibernation. Earlywood is often characterized by larger cells and a lower density.

Slightly rounded surfacing on pieces of lumber to remove sharp corners. Lumber 4 inches or less in thickness is frequently shipped with eased edges unless otherwise specified.

A legal right for restricted use of property by the easement holder. Easements are granted to utility companies so they may service the utility lines running through a property. Decks should not be built on the area described by an easement because access granted by the easement may require the deck to be torn down or removed.

Edge bead one side.

Edge bead two sides.

The study of animals and plants in relation to their biological and physical surroundings.

Complex ecological community and environment forming a functional whole in nature.

The narrow face of a rectangular-shaped piece of lumber.

Veneer that usually has an adhesive to stick to plywood edging.

Lumber sawed parallel with the pith of the log and approximately at right angles to the growth rings; that is, the rings form an angle of 45 degrees or more with the wide face if the piece.

A straightedge that is used to guide tools, such as a circular saw or router, along a work-piece.

Smoothing and squaring the edge of a board so that it can be glued up evenly to another piece.

Tool used to trim edge banding.

Eased Edges

Edge (vertical) Grain

A property of a material that causes it to return to its original dimensions after being deformed by loading.

A macromolecular material that, at room temperature, is deformed by application of a relatively low force and is capable of recovering substantially in size and shape after removal of the force.

In a dust collection system, a fitting used to torn corners.

A metal joining process that uses a narrow stream of electrons to produce a highly concentrated heat source.

A deck requiring a structure of beams, footings, and posts to raise it to the desired level. Often used so that the height of the deck is the same as interior floors, making access to the deck from the house easier.

End Matched

Grit that is embedded in wood chips in the process of whole-tree chipping. This grit may be extremely difficult to remove when using chips in paper and pulp manufacture.

A loss in strength or energy absorption without a corresponding loss in stiffness. Clear, straight grained wood is generally considered a ductile material; chemical treatments and elevated temperatures can alter the original chemical composition of wood, thereby embrittling the wood.

Any process for impregnating wood with preservatives or chemicals in which air is imprisoned in the wood under the pressure of the entering preservative and then expands, when the pressure is released, to drive out part of the injected preservative.

The dead portion of a branch embedded in the stem by subsequent growth of a tree.

A drying defect caused by the ends of the boards drying faster than the rest of the wood. This can usually be prevented by sealing the end grain. Using an end grain sealant protects against end checks in decking.

The process of sealing the ends of the boards to prevent checking caused by unrestrained evaporation of moisture. Also known as “end grain sealing.”

The joists at the end of a series of parallel joists.

To tongue and groove the ends of matched lumber.

A lengthwise separation of the wood fibers at the end of a piece of lumber.

Wood that has been delivered to paper and pulp mills, specifically for burning in boilers; wood to be utilized for heat or other energy products. This includes forest, industrial, urban, and other wood waste, as well as whole-tree chips.

The outermost layer of cells on the primary plant body; often with strongly thickened and cuticularized outer walls; sometimes consisting of more than one layer of cells.

A two part glue that practically glues anything to anything, including metal to metal.

Englemann Spruce

When the level of moisture in a board is equal to the moisture in the surrounding air.

A hidden style hinge fastened to the door with a cup hole.

Edge V one side

Edge V two sides

A stand of trees in which there are only small differences in age among the individual trees.

A silvicultural system in which the individual trees originate at about the same time and are removed in one or more harvest cuts, after which a new stand is established.

Boards expand when they heat up and contract when they cool down. This must be accounted for when spacing deck boards.

Sale of lumber to be shipped to a foreign country.

Wholesaler or broker selling to a foreign market.

A substance, generally having some adhesive action, added to an adhesive to reduce the amount of the primary binder required per unit area.

A flexible, insulated, electric wire fitted with a plug at one end and one or more outlets on the other, allowing one to plug in.

Substances in wood, not an integral part of the cellular structure, that can be dissolved out with hot or cold water, ether, benzene, or other relatively inert solvents.

The allowable unit stress used in the design of bending members such as beams, trusschords, joists, and rafters.

A method of adhesive application in which adhesive is forced through small openings in the spreader head.

When a board has one side that is wider than the other, the wider side is referred to as the face (as opposed to the edge). This may also refer to the side that is to visible in the finished item.

Used for writing bureaus and cabinets where it is essential to preserve an uninterrupted flush writing surface are hinged with back flap hinges, and can be rebated/rabbeted over the carcass sides.

In cabinetmaking, a face frame is a flat frame attached to the front of a carcase. The face frame is used to conceal the exposed edges of plywood panels used to build the carcase.

The wide surface of a piece of lumber; the wide surface showing the better quality or appearance from which a piece is graded.

The width of the face of any piece of lumber; in tongued or lapped (rabbeted) lumber, it does not include width of tongue or lap.

High quality veneer that is used for exposed surfaces on plywood.

Lumber intended to be cut up for use in further manufacture’ it is graded on the basis of the percentage of the area which will produce a limited number of cuttings of a specified, or a given minimum, size and quality.

Lumber not up to a particular grade.

Mixed domestic hardwood lumber grade is the highest grade of hardwood lumber. In most species, a board must be 6” or wider, 8’ or longer. Walnut and butternut are the exceptions.

A broad, flat, horizontal surface, sometimes used to cover a joint, or as the other edge of a cornice.

Generic term for bolts, nails, bolts, and other connecting devices.

Extreme fiber stress in bending

Feet board measure

Flat car paper wrapped

A piece of wood with thin “fingers” that hold a board against a fence or down against the table of a power tool; usually a table saw or router.

The distance that the stock being processed moves during a given interval of time or operation cycle.

A term used to indicate a specific unit of measure.

A term used to indicate a specific unit of measure

A straight guide to keep a board a set distance from a blade or other cutters.

Flat of slash grain.

The stage in the drying or wetting of wood at which the cell walls are saturated and the cell cavities free from water. It applies to an individual cell or group of cells, not to whole boards.

A threadlike component of cell walls, invisible under a light microscope.

A type of washboard-like figure that occurs in some species of wood with wavy grain; a decorative wood figure caused by wavy grain. Fiddleback veneer is prized for its character and widely used for musical instruments.

Any distinctive appearance on a longitudinal wood surface resulting from anatomical structure, irregular coloration or defects.

• Medium red-brown with purple veining
• Straight to interlocked grain
• Moderately coarse but even texture
• Low bending characteristics
• Works easily with hand and power tools
• Pre-drilling is required for nailing
• Used primarily as a veneer for cabinetwork. Also used for knife handles, and fancy goods.

A substance that is used to fill pores and irregularities on the surface of material to decrease the porosity before applying a finishing coat.

See ‘bookmatched’.

A method of joining two pieces of lumber end-to-end by sawing a set of projecting “fingers” that interlock into the end of each piece. This makes for a strong glue joint when the pieces are pushed together.

A term indicating the higher grades of lumber, sound, relatively free of blemishes.

The net dimensions after surfacing.

Any evergreen coniferous tree, especially of the genus Abies, with needles borne singly on the stems.

A measure of the time during which a material or assembly continues to exhibit fire resistance under specified conditions of test and performance.

As specified in building codes, a wood product that has been treated with chemicals by a pressure process of treated during the manufacturing process for the purpose of reducing its flame spread performance in an ASTM E 84 test conducted for 30 minutes to performance levels specified in the codes.

A brownish or reddish discoloration, and in the grades where specified, does not affect the use of the piece to any greater extent than the other characteristics of the grade.

For dust collection, accessories that are used to connect hoses, pipes, and tools within a dust collection system.

A small flat wood particle of predetermined dimensions, uniform thickness, with fiber direction essentially in the plane of the flake; in overall character resembling a small piece of veneer.

The propagation of a flame away from the source of ignition across the surface of a liquid of a solid, or through the volume of a gaseous mixture.

Lumber loaded on an open rail car after being strapped into units and wrapped in weather resistant material. Plastic or papers are commonly used.

Lumber sawn approximately parallel to the annual growth rings so that all or some form an angle of less then 45 degrees with the surface of the piece.

Flooring

A thick piece of lumber with or without wane (bark) on one or more edges suitable for remanufacturing.

A lumber pattern with smooth face and tongue and groove edges.

When two adjoining surfaces are perfectly even with one another.

Free on board

Free of heart center

A unit of lineal measurement usually used to indicate the length of lumber.

The below-ground support of a deck’s post; usually made from concrete.

Area managed for the production of timber and other forest productions or maintained as wood vegetation for such indirect benefits as protection of catchment areas or recreation.

Establishment of a forest, artificially or naturally, or an area, whether previously forested or not.

The branch of forestry concerned with the forest as a productive asset subject, in relation to economic principles.

A general term for the surface layer of soil supporting forest vegetation; includes all dead vegetation on the mineral soil surface in the forest as well as litter and unincorporated humus.

The practical application of scientific economic, and social principles to the administration and workings of a specific forest area for specified objectives.

Any activity that enhances and/or recovers forest growth or harvest yield, such as fertilization, harvesting, planting, site preparation, and thinning. Road construction or reconstruction within forest lands for the purpose of facilitating harvest or forest management. Any management of slash, resulting from the harvest or improvement of tree species.

Sum of unused and wasted wood in the forest, including logging residues, annual mortality, and dead, rough, and rotten trees. Unmerchantable material normally left following conventional logging operations other than whole-tree harvesting.

A profession embracing the art of creating, business, and science, conserving, and managing forests, and forest lands for the continuing use of their materials, resources, and other forest products.

Classification of forest land in terms of potential cubic-foot volume growth per acre at the culmination of mean annual increment (C.M.A.I.), in fully stocked natural stands. Classification of forest land is based on the species forming a plurality of live-tree stocking. Type is determined on the basis of species plurality of all live trees that contribute to stocking.

An independent, non-governmental organization established to promote responsible management of the worlds forests and is probably the most well-known forest certification program worldwide. FCS standards of responsible forestry are applied to management of the forest land. A chain-of-command (COC) certification ensures that forest products that carry the FSC label can be tracked back to the certified forest from which they came.

Composed of layers of Kraft paper impregnated with phenolic resins.

These have a center spur and circular timbers with cutting teeth that cut clean flat bottomed holes.

Naturally occurring crooked timbers usually with two sides sawn and two sides with the bark removed; used as beams, knee braces, and posts.

Lumber used for structural members in a house or other building. This is the skeleton to which floors, roofs, and sides are attached.

A large chisel with long, heavy blades, strong enough to be hit with a heavy mallet.

A term generally applied to lumber when the nominal size is 2 through 4 inches thick and 2 inches and wider; lumber used to construct a building or structure.

A flat piece of metal shaped like an “L”, with measurements along both legs of the “L”; commonly used when building decks for marking lines perpendicular to the length of lumber.

Seller delivers the shipment within reach of ship’s loading tackle. All dock charges and freight from point of origin to the dock have been paid by the seller. Freight charges to the final destination are billed to the buyer.

Lumber sawn to exclude the heart center or pith of the log.

Refers to a named point to which the seller will deliver and load lumber on board transportation equipment at no additional charge to the buyer. Freight or other charges to final destination are for the buyers account.

A deck supported entirely by its own structure, typically used for remote decks.

“Board Measure” contents of lumber-when calculated from measurements of over-all dimensions; it is used only for displacement measurements for freight purposes.

A saw with a very fine toothed blade used for delicate cuts in thin material.

A saw blade made with one piece of carbon steel used at high speeds to soften metal for removal.

Usually a type of band sawing that uses high speed to generate heat to soften the metal in front of the blade.

Freight

Foot

Feet surface measure

Cut so the ends can be squared to exact length tallied.

Green Lumber, cut full to a specified size without variation undersize at time or original inspection.

Any process for impregnating wood with preservatives or chemicals, in which a vacuum is drawn to remove air from the wood before admitting the preservative.

Lumber that in thickness and width measures fully up to specified sizes; a term sometimes confused with ‘cut-full’ lumber, the latter admitting lumber intentionally manufactured in larger than nominal thickness and width.

A chemical that kills fungi; used to control fungal diseases in greenhouses and nurseries.

Lumber stain caused by fungus growth in wood; fungi can be either of the sapwood-staining or decay-producing types.

Wood material that has been reduced for incorporation into conventional wood-based composites; including flakes, particles, and fiber.

Moisture found in the cell cavities of wood.

Grade-Stamped

The side-to-side thickness of a band saw blade.

Coating a piece of metal with zinc, a metal that resists corrosion. Look for hot-dipped galvanized pieces when selecting metal parts for a deck. The hot-dipped method of galvanized metal provides more protection than coated galvanizing.

A tool used to determine depth, width, and/or height of an object.

Modified fibers that are associated with tension wood in hardwoods.

A machine that converts one form of energy into another; especially mechanical energy into electrical energy, as a dynamo, or electrical energy into sound, as an acoustic generator.

A large or principal beam used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.

Major horizontal timber that connects posts.

The distance around a tree; circumference.

Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals; also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water. Through general use, the term is now referred to as ‘adhesive’.

A special interlocking groove pattern that is used to join two pieces, edge to edge, securely.

Production of structural or nonstructural wood members by bonding two or more layers of wood together with adhesive.

A shorthand version of glue laminate. Glue lamination is a process in which individual pieces of lumber or veneer are bonded together with an adhesive to make a single piece, with the grain of each piece parallel to the grain of each of the other pieces.

Plywood with one side patched solid and sanded, the other side will be rough and have open knot holes.

• Reddish-brown heartwood
• Irregular and interlocked grain
• Medium texture
• Hard, heavy, and dense
• Used for high class furniture and cabinet making, fancy goods, decking, and architectural paneling

A chisel like tool with a curved cutting edge.

A designation of the quality of a log or wood product such as lumber, plywood, or veneer.

A deck flush with, or slightly above, ground level. Grade-level deck joists usually rest directly on the footings or piers below.

A stamp or symbol indicating the grade, quality, and/or intended use of a piece of lumber, plywood, or other wood products. To be recognized as “grade marked”, the product must bear an official stamp issued by a grading agency and must be applied by a qualified grader; or it must be accompanied by a certificate attesting to the grade.

Grade indicated with official stamp impression.

Amount by which the grade decreases or increases in a unit of horizontal distance.

A set of criteria by which to judge various pieces of lumber of panels in terms of appearance, strength, and suitability for various uses. Regional grading agencies draw up rules for grading based on the voluntary product standards issued by the US Bureau of Standards.

A general term referring to the alignment, appearance, arrangement, color, direction, and size of wood fibers in a piece of lumber. Among the many types of grain are coarse, curly, fine, flat, open, spiral, straight, and vertical.

• Close-Grained – Wood with narrow, inconspicuous annual rings. The term is sometimes used to designate wood having small and closely spaced pores.
• Coarse-Grained – Wood with wide conspicuous annual rings in which there is considerable difference between earlywood and latewood. The term is sometimes used to designate wood with large pores, such as oak and walnut.
• Cross-Grained – Wood in which the fibers deviate from a line parallel to the sides of the piece. Cross grain may be either diagonal or spiral grain or a combination of the two.
• Curly-Grained – Wood in which the fibers are distorted so that they have a curled appearance, as in ‘Birdseye’ figure.
• Diagonal-Grained – Wood in which the annual rings are at an angle with the axis of a piece as a result of sawing at angle with the bark of the tree or log.
• Edge-Grained – Lumber that has been sawed so that the wide surfaces extent approximately at right angles to the annual growth rings.
• Fiddleback-Grained – Figure produced by a type of fine wavy grain found in species of maple, for example, that is traditionally being used for the backs of violins.
• Flat-Grained – Lumber that has been sawn parallel to the pith and approximately tangent to the growth rings.
• Interlocked-Grained – Grain in which the fibers put on for several years may slope in a right-handed direction, and then for a number of years the slope reverses to a left-handed direction, and later changed back to a right-handed pitch.
• Open-Grained – Common classification for woods with large pores such as oak, and walnut.
• Plain-Sawn – Also referred to as Flat-Grained Lumber.
• Quarter-Sawn – Also referred to as Edge-Grained Lumber.
• Side-Grained – Also referred to as Flat-Grained Lumber.
• Spiral-Grained – Wood in which the fibers take a spiral course about the trunk of a tree instead of the normal vertical course. The spiral may extend in a right-handed or left-handed direction around the tree trunk.
• Straight-Grained – Wood in which the fibers run parallel to the axis of a piece.
• Vertical-Grained – Also referred to as Edge-Grained Lumber.
• Wavy-Grained – Wood in which the fibers collectively take the form of waves or undulations.

Three distinct grain patterns:

• Plain Sawn
• Vertical
• Curly

Plain Sawn has an arching grain. Vertical has pinstripes with no growth rings over 45 degrees perpendicular to the face and Curly is the rarest.

Freshly cut, unseasoned, not dry. Lumber with a moisture content of 30% or more.

A measure of the size of abrasive particles used in the manufacturing of sandpaper. Grit can also be measured as the number of particles in a square inch of sandpaper surface.

‘Board Measure’ contents of lumber when calculated from measurements of named sizes; same as nominal measure.

General term for removing unwanted roots, slash stumps, stones, and vegetation from a site before Afforestation or reforestation. Generally, the distance by which a vehicle’s lowest point, exclusive of the wheel assembly, clears the ground; measured perpendicularly from that point to a plane surface on which the vehicle rests.

An electrical safety device that instantly shuts down a circuit if leakage occurs; greatly reduces the risk of electrical shock. These devices are built into outlets and are required by code for outdoor receptacles.

Extent to which the ground around a tree is broken by gullies, or swells ridges, rock outcrops, and sharp slope changes.

The layer of wood growth put on a tree during a single growing season.

The curved area between two band saw teeth into which the chip curls.

The distance from the tooth tip to the bottom of the gullet.

An intercellular cavity, found in woods that may contain gum, latex, and resins.

An excessive local accumulation of gum or resin in the wood.

A post having an increased size at its top, providing extra strength for intersecting joinery.

Hit or Miss

Hit and Miss

The use of a long blade mounted in a bow-shaped frame. Cutting takes place using a reciprocating, or back-and-forth, motion.

A dovetail joint where the cut does not go all the way through the board. The ends of a half-blind dovetail are concealed.

A joint in which two timbers are let into each other.

A hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle; used to deliver an impulsive force by striking.

A horizontal timber projecting from the top of the wall or rafter that supports a wood truss. The design creates a large roof span with relatively short timbers.

A rotary drill with a hammering action. The hammering action provides a short, rapid hammer thrust to pulverize relatively brittle material and provide quicker drilling with less effort.

A timber squared off and shaped by hand.

A tool to smooth and true wood surfaces, consisting of a blade fastened in frame at an angle with hand grips to slide it along the board. There are several different parts that make up a hand plane:

• The Knob – A handle on the front portion of the hand plane that gives you more control when pushing the hand plane through the wood. The knob can be in the shape of a handle, or it can be more of a knob shape.
• The Handle – The handle is the back grip of the hand place that is sued to push the plane across through the wood that you are hand planning. The handle is often curved and attached to the hand plane at a slight angle for a more comfortable grip.
• The Frog – The frog is a metal plate that sits at an angle in the middle of the hand plane, where there is a notch to allow the plane iron (part of the planer that cuts the wood) to protrude. This is attached with screws and has an adjustment lever at the top of the frog. The adjustment level moves a set screw that will dictate the depth of the plane iron once installed.
• Plane Iron – The plane iron is the cutting blade of the hand planer. This blade has a very sharp edge and protrudes from the middle of the bottom of the hand planer by a very small amount allowing for smoother planning. The plane iron is held in place on the frog, which allows for minor adjustments once the plane iron is mounted. The plane iron is then sandwiched between the plane iron cap and the lever cap to lock the plane iron in place and prevent the blade from shifting when the hand plane is in use.
• Plane Iron Cap – This goes directly over the plane iron to hold it into place and keep the blade form pushing up when cutting through wood. The plane cap is held in place by the lever cap.
• Lever Cap – A lever cap is the component that locks the plane iron, plane iron cap, and the frog together. The lever cap slips over the mounting screw, into which all of these pieces of the hand plane slide. The screw is then tightened with a screw driver to lock the plane iron in position.

Are the basic tools of woodworking and the processes of sawing, chiseling, and smoothing wood.

A vehicle moved by a pair of short, endless articulated belts, called tracks, driven by tractor tires. Steering is by a pair of ordinary wheels in front. The whole vehicle is termed a half-track.

A substance or mixture of substances that is part of an adhesive and is used to promote curing by taking part of the reaction.

The property of wood that is indicated by a resistance to cutting, scratching, denting, pressure or wear.

• Creamy white with a reddish tinge
• Usually straight grained
• Fine texture
• High bending and crushing strength
• Difficult to work with
• Used for furniture, joinery, heavy-duty flooring, piano actions, plywood, and paneling.

A type of manufactured board similar to particle board but with a much smoother surface. A common brand of hardboard is Masonite.

A general term referring to any variety of broad-leaved, deciduous trees, and the wood from those trees. The term has nothing to do with the actual hardness of the wood; some hardwoods are softer then certain softwood (evergreen) species.

• Bunching – Gathering and arranging trees or part of these in small piles.
• Chipping – Breaking or cutting trees into small pieces of controlled fiber length.
• Debarking – Removing the outer protective layer (bark) from trees or parts of trees.
• Delimbing – Removing branches from trees.
• Felling – Cutting or uprooting standing trees, causing them to fall as a result of the cutting or uprooting.
• Forwarding – Transporting trees or their parts by carrying them completely off the ground rather then pulling or dragging them along the ground. Also known as prehauling.
• Loading – Picking up trees or their parts of trees, from the ground or from a vehicle, transporting them, and then piling them into another vehicle.
• Piling – Picking up tree-length logs or bolts and depositing them in large piles so that the logs are horizontal and parallel to each other and the ends are approximately in the same vertical planes.
• Skidding – Transporting trees or parts of trees by dragging or trailing them.
• Slashing – Cutting felled and limbed tress into lengths. Also known as bucking.
• Topping – Cutting off the top of a tree at a predetermined, minimum diameter.
• Yarding – Initial hauling of a log from the stump to a collection point.

Removing merchantable trees.

The mobile machinery used in forestry, then is classified into major types by the specific functions or combination of functions preformed. Further classification may be required to differentiate between machines with basic conceptual differences that effect recognition of performance but perform the same functions. One or more of the following sub-classifications may be used when necessary. Multifunction machines are named by a composite of the functions, listed in the order the functions are preformed.

• Single Function Machines
  • Bucker – See Slasher
  • Chipper – Designed to chip whole trees or their parts
  • Debarker – Designed to remove the bark from trees.
  • Drum Debarker – Used to remove bark from pulpwood. Bolts tumble together forcibly and repeatedly in their passage through a large drum, rubbing off bark as they roll against each other and against the corrugated interior of the drum. The drum’s corrugated interior keeps the bolts tumbling as the drum rotates, while gravity and the force of additional incoming bolts force the wood through.
  • Ring Debarker – Used to remove bark from saw logs and veneer bolts. As the in-feed conveyor advances the log longitudinally into the feed rollers, it automatically centers the log in the rotating mechanical ring. The ring has five crescent-shaped fingers that open automatically as the feed rollers force the log against them and the log advances through the rotating mechanical ring.
  • Delimber – Self-propelled or mobile machine designed to remove all limbs from trees with flailing chains or knives.
  • Feller – Self-propelled machine designed to fell standing trees.
  • Forwarder – Self-propelled machine, usually self-loading, designed to transport trees or their parts by carrying them completely off the ground.
  • Loader – Self-propelled or mobile machine with grapple and supporting structure designed to pick up and discharge trees or their parts for the purpose of loading or piling. Operation may be swing-to-load, slide-to-load, or travel-to-load. Also known as hydraulic loader or knuckle-boom if it swings to load and has hydraulically activated boom members.
  • Mobile Yarder – Self-propelled or mobile machine designed to perform cable logging with the use of a tower that may be integral to the machine or a separate structure.
  • Skidder – Self-propelled machine designed to transport trees or pans of trees by dragging or trailing.
  • Cable Skidder – Uses a man winch cable and cable chokers to assemble or hold a load.
  • Clam-Bunk Skidder – Uses an integrally mounted loader to assemble the load and clam or top-opening jaws to hold it. A grapple skidder uses a grapple or bottom-opening jaws to assemble and hold a load.
  • Slasher – Mobile machine designed to cut felled trees to a predetermined length with a shear or saw. Also known as a bucker.
  • Swath Cutter – Self-propelled harvesting machine capable of continuous movement while simultaneously felling multiple stems across a 6 to 8 foot wide swath.
• Multi-Function Machines
  • Delimber Bucker – See Delimber Slasher
  • Delimber Buncher – Used to delimb trees and arrange logs in piles on the ground.
  • Delimber Slasher – Used to delimb and slash trees. Also known as a Delimber bucker.
  • Delimber Slasher Bucker – Used to delimb and slash trees and arrange logs in piles on the ground.
  • Feller Buncher – Self-propelled machine designed to fell standing trees and arrange them in bunches on the ground. May travel-to-bunch or swing-to-bunch.
  • Feller Chipper – Used to chip and fell whole trees.
  • Feller Delimber – Self-propelled machine designed to fell and delimb trees.
  • Feller Delimber Buncher – Self-propelled machine designed to fell, delimb, and arrange the trees in bunches. A feller Delimber Slasher buncher is a self-propelled machine designed to fell, delimb, and slash trees and arrange the tree parts in piles on the ground.
  • Fell Delimber Slasher Forwarder – Self-propelled machine designed to fell, delimb, and slash trees and carry tree parts to a landing.
  • Feller Forwarder – Self-propelled, self-loading machine designed to fell standing trees and transport the stems by carrying them completely off the ground.
  • Feller Skidder – Self-propelled, self-loading machine designed to fell standing trees and transport them by skidding.
  • Harvester – Self-propelled multifunction machine that may be capable of operating as a swath cutter but also performs chipping and/or forwarding functions in addition to felling.
  • Limited-Area Feller Buncher – Feller-buncher with a shear mounted on a knuckle-boom, allowing the machine to reach and fell several trees while remaining stationary.
  • Processor – Multifunction machine that does not fell trees but handles two or more subsequent functions.
  • Slasher Buncher – Used to cut logs to predetermined lengths and arrange them in piles on the ground.

Hardwood or better said hardwood lumber is generally milled from the species of woods considered to be hard,l this is a direct reference to the hardness of the wood such as measured by the janka scale,the minumum hardness for a wood to be considered a hard wood is often debated. In general regardless of where it lands on the jank scale a rule of thumb would be, hardwood comes from a deciduous tree which loses its leaves yearly and softwood comes from a conifer, which remains evergreen. Hardwoods tend to be slower growing, and are therefore usually more dense.

A tool used to hold deck boards straight while fasteners are being installed. It locks into place and applies much more bending power then other methods of straightening deck boards.

Conveying wood from a loading point to an unloading point.

Block used to guide the haul-back line.

Rope used in cable logging to haul the main line and its fittings back to the point where the logs are to be attached.

The part of the whole timber beyond the shoulder which is let into another timber.

Contemptuous term for logging operation that has poor equipment.

Hollow Bark

Principal machine in a sawmill; used for initial breakdown of logs by sawing along the grain. Logs are first cut into cants on the head rig before being sent on to other saws for further processing. This is also known as head saw.

In a sawmill, the large band saw or circular saw used to size the log into lumber.

Spar tree at the landing of a skyline logging operation. This is also known as Head Spar.

A beam fitted between trimmers and across the ends of tailpieces in a building frame; a horizontal support at the top of an opening.

The soft, spongy heart of a tree, which may appear on the surface of sawn timber.

A split that starts at the heart of a log.

A discoloration of the heartwood.

The dead inner core of a tree. Usually must be harder and darker than the new wood.

Loading boom that uses tongs to heel or force one end of a log against the underside of the boom.

System of lines and blocks used to tighten the skyline.

Hemlock

Hemlock – True Firs

A cellulose-like material in wood that is easily decomposable as by dilute acid.

Chemical used to kill or retard the growth of plants; weed killer.

In veneering, a herringbone pattern that is formed when successive layers of veneers are glued up so they form a mirror image. Usually this pattern slants upwards and outwards, similar to a herringbone.

• Brown to reddish-brown color
• Typically straight grained
• Coarse texture
• Pre-boring for nailing is required
• Used for hammers, axes, gold clubs, lacrosse sticks, plywood and decorative veneers.

Prepared by boiling bones, hides, etc. in water, and obtaining a hard cake form which must be broken up in an old piece of sacking and soaked for 12 hours before heating.

Good quality timber.

Wire rope system that involves yarding in logs or trees by means of a rope passing through a block at the top of the head spar.

A particular grade of steel that offers improved hardness and wear resistance. High-speed steel is often used to make various cutting tools.

Logger who tops trees and rigs them with blocks, guys, and lines.

A stump that is higher then a specified standard.

A mechanical device that connects two solid objects, allowing rotation between them.

In surfaced lumber, hit and miss is a series of skips by planer knives with surfaced or entirely rough.

Pits or spots in wood caused by fungi. It develops in the living tree and does not develop further in wood in service.

A panel construction with faces of plywood, hardboard, or similar material bonded to a framed-core assembly of wood lattice, paperboard rings, which support the facing at spaced intervals.

A drying defect that occurs when the lumber undergoes severe case hardening in the early stages of drying; appears as deep, internal checks.

Machines used to grind wood into chips for use as fuel or for other purposes. The wood used for this is usually wasted wood unfit for lumber or other uses.

Fuel made by grinding wasted wood in a hog; a mix of wood residues such as sawdust, planer shavings, and sometimes coarsely broken-down bark and solid wood chunks produced in the manufacturing of wood products and normally used as fuel.

A type of iron clamp, fitting into a hole in a bench; tightened or loosened by hammer taps.

When felling timber, this is the part of a tree left uncut until the end in order to hold the fall of the tree in the desired direction.

A concave bevel on a chisel, gouge, or knife.

• Cream-white heartwood
• Irregular grain but fine texture
• Difficult to saw because of the irregular grain
• Nails, screws, and glues satisfactorily
• Used as a substitute for boxwood and dyed as a substitute for ebony; small musical instruments, keys for pianos and organs, and marquetry.

• Heartwood varies from pinkish to purple-brown with black markings
• Straight to slightly wavy grain
• Medium to fine texture
• Rather difficult to work with
• Used for finger boards for banjos, guitars, and mandolins; piano legs, picture frames, furniture, and billiard tables

A tooth form that has evenly spaced teeth, wide gullets, and a positive rake angle.

Logging system operation in which the logs are not stored or decked, but loaded onto a truck as soon as they are skidded to a landing.

An alternative to mortise and tenon joint; has two drilling heads, side by side and usually an adjustable table for height.

This is caused by the outside blades of a stacked dado head cutting deeper than the chipper blades.

The shallow mortise or cavity for receiving the major part of a time end, generally copied with a smaller deep mortise to receive a tenon tying the joint together.

A term used to indicate unit of measurement.

A unit of weight, used by carriers as a basis to measure freight rates on lumber shipments.

Removal of bark from round timber, such as bolts, logs, or billets, by high-pressure jets of water as the pieces are mechanically rotated in a closed chamber.

An intermolecular attraction force that results when the hydrogen of one molecule and a pair of unshared electrons on an electronegative atom of another molecule are attracted to one another.

Having a strong tendency to bind or absorb water.

Having a strong tendency to repel water.

The tendency of wood to absorb and expel moisture as humidity levels change.

A beam whose cross section resembles the letter “I”. One in which the top and bottom flanges (such as 2x4s) are connected by thinner material (such as OSB or plywood).

Incense Cedar

Scheduled non-operating time.

In band sawing, it is the unpowered half of the pulley-like system that turns the blade. Its primary purpose is to guide the blade.

• Yellow-olive heartwood
• Variegated streaks and stripes
• Usually straight grain, often wavy or curly
• Fine and even growth rings
• Fine to medium texture
• Moderately stable, fairly hard and heavy
• Works easy with both hand and machine tools
• Used for high-class furniture, cabinet making, high-grade flooring, paneling and gunstocks.

Includes all defects or blemishes produced in manufacturing.

Wood in which the cell walls have been impregnated with synthetic resin so as to reduce materially its swelling and shrinking.

Inch or inches.

An early stage of decay in which hyphae have invaded the cell structure, sometimes discoloring the wood, but have not perceptibly reduced the hardness of the wood.

Wood with slots cut into the side of the wood so that preservative chemicals can penetrate more deeply during pressure treatment. Western species of wood don’t absorb preservative chemicals as easily as some woods and require incising so that enough of the preservative enters the wood.

Areas of light-colored wood, apparently sapwood, found within the portion of stem that has becomes heartwood.

A tool used to take a small core from the bole of a tree to determine growth rate.

Industrial

A term for lumber destined for remanufacture such as industrial clears, moulding stock and shop.

One who logs and sells his output on the open market; not associated with a mill or under a company/dealer contract.

All round wood products excluding fuel wood.

The direction a work piece is fed into a blade or cutter.

Covers the practice of inletting any one material into another material of different color or composition.

Manufactured wood-based composites where an inorganic binder, typically gypsum or magnesia-cement, acts as a continuous matrix and fully encapsulates the wood elements.

Stresses that exist within an adhesive joint even in the absence of applied external forces.

In wood bonding, a region of finite thickness as a gradient between the bulk adherent and bulk adhesive in which the adhesive penetrates and alters the adherents properties and in which the presence of the adherent influences the chemical and/or physical properties of the adhesive.

To expand with heat to provide a low-density film; used in reference to certain fire-retardant coatings.

An exotic hardwood of South America; renowned for its attractive color, density and rigidity.

• Olive-brown heartwood
• Straight to irregular grain
• Low to medium luster
• Very high strength
• Resistant to wood bending
• Difficult to work with
• Ideal for bridge building, naval construction, decking, exterior construction, factory flooring, tool handles, archery bows, walking sticks and fishing rods.

An area of a deck that has been cut out to accommodate landscape elements such as trees.

This process uses separate inlays of wood, ivory, bone, brass, silver, etc., cut to shape, laid on the ground, the outlines traced with a fine point and the appropriate recesses cut in with wood-craving tools.

Logging operation that segregates and delivers a variety of products to mills and processors that will use them to their greatest potential.

Utilization of a wide variety of silvicultural practices, such as planting, thinning, fertilization, harvesting, and genetic improvement to increase the capability of the forest to produce fiber.

One partially or completely Intergrown on one or two faces with the growth rings of the surrounding wood.

A forest that exists or will exist until conversion to a target forest is complete. An interim forest may develop under intensive forest management and may be excellent stocking, but it does not necessarily represent the forest desired at some future time. This is also known as transition forest.

Device that allows the main and haul-back drums to be operated together as a single unit to maintain running line tension.

Trees with small, crowded crowns below, but extending into the general canopy level; these trees receive little light from above and none from the side.

A formula rule that allows a 1/2 inch taper from each 4 feet of length and allows for 1/16-inch shrinkage for each inch of board thickness. This rule is used by the USDA Forest Service.

A log scale modification of an earlier rule using a 1/8-inch kerf, based on an analysis of the loss of wood fiber incurred in the conversion of saw logs to lumber. This is one of the few rules that incorporates a basis for dealing with log taper.

A tree relatively incapable of developing and growing normally in the shade of, and in competition with, other trees.

• Golden-orange to brown in color
• Interlocked grain
• Rather coarse texture, but even
• Medium density
• Medium bending and crushing strength
• Very low stiffness
• Resistance to shock loads
• Works satisfactorily with hand and machine tools
• Used for ship and boat building, laboratory benches, furniture, and domestic flooring.

Exhibiting the same properties in all directions.

Idaho White Pine

Joists and Planks

A device used for suspending a loading-line lead block from a skyline.

An unskilled example or display of logging work. Contemptuous expression applied to an unskilled piece of work in logging, particularly in felling, where several trees are lodged and/or crisscrossed.

A lightweight, two-drum yarder usually on a truck with a spar and boom; may be used for both short distance yarding and loading. Frame mounted on a sled or vehicle for loading logs.

A hardness test, usually for wood flooring, the rating is pounds of pressure required to press a steel ball .444 inches in diameter one half way into the wood.

A device used to make special cuts, guide a tool, or aid in woodworking operations.

A power tool that cuts by moving a blade up and down as it is guided through the cut.

A machine to true the edges of boards usually in preparation for gluing.

• Adhesive Joint – The location at which two adherents are held together with a layer of adhesive.
• Assembly Joint – Joints between variously shapes parts or subassemblies such as in wood furniture.
• Butt Joint – An end joint formed by abutting the squared ends of two pieces.
• Edge Joint – A joint made by nodding two pieces of wood together edge to edge, commonly by gluing. The joints may be made by gluing two squared edges as in a plain edge joint or by using machined joints of various kinds.
• End Joint – A joint made by bonding two pieces of wood together, end to end, commonly by finger or scarf joint.
• Fingerjoint – An end joint made up of several meshing wedges or fingers of wood bonded together with an adhesive. Fingers are sloped and may be cut parallel to either the wide or narrow face of the piece.
• Lap Joint – A joint made by placing one member partly over another and bonding the overlapped portions.
• Scarf Joint – An end joint formed by joining with adhesive the ends of two pieces that have been tapered or beveled to form sloping plane surfaces, usually to a featheredge, and with the same slope of the plane with respect to the length in both pieces.
• Starved Joint – A glue joint that is poorly bonded because an insufficient quantity of adhesive remained in the joint.
• Sunken Joint – Depression in wood surface at a joint caused by surfacing material too soon after bonding.

The craft of connecting and securing the separate members of the timber frame to one another by means of specific cuts on the ends and/or sides of the timbers.

Part or the arrangement of the part, where two or more timbers are joined together.

In lumber manufacture, finger-jointing is most common although sometimes other types of joints may be used.

A piece of lumber two to four inches thick and six inches wide, used horizontally as a support for a ceiling or floor. Also, such a support can be made from aluminum, steel, or other materials.

The national grading rules contain four grades of structural joists and planks; select structural, No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3. Nominal sizes are 2 to 4 inches thick by 5 inches and wider. The abbreviation (J&P) in generally used to indicate a specific section in the grading rules under which the lumber was graded.

One who logs and sells his output on the open market; not associated with a mill or under a company/dealer contract.

A pre-manufactured metal piece typically attached to a ledger or to beam to support a joist. Joist hangers should be galvanized.

A hydraulic control lever that can be operated in up to four directions, controlling a number of functions through one hydraulic valve.

Jointed

The wood in every tree that forms within its first 10 years or so; usually has undesirable characteristics such as low strength and shrinkage along the grain.

Kiln Dried

The groove left in a board when cut by a saw blade.

The blade on a crawler used to clear unwanted vegetation in preparation for planting tree seedlings.

When a work-piece is thrown back in the opposite direction the cutter is turning.

Lumber that has been dried in a kiln (See Kiln).

A central, vertical post extending from the bent plate or girt to the junction of the rafters at roof peak.

• Variegated colors of rich violet-brown to almost black
• Usually straight grained
• Uniformly fine textured
• Works well with hand and machine tools
• Used for inlays, marquetry, oyster veneering and bandings.

A form of warp characterized by abrupt deviation from straightness or flatness due to either localized grain distortion (as around knots) or to deformation by misplaced stickers.

Unit of weight or force equivalent to 1,000 pounds.

A short diagonal timber placed between the horizontal and vertical members of the frame to make them rigid.

A design feature that allows a piece of furniture to be easily disassembled by the use of special hardware or joinery.

A branch or limb embedded in a tree and cut through in the process of manufacturing. Knots are classified according to occurrence, quality, and size. In lumber, the size classifications are: Pin knot, one not over ½-inch in diameter; Small, a knot larger then ½-inch but not over ¾-inch; Medium, larger then ¾-inch but not over 1 ½-inch; Large, over 1 ½-inch in diameter.

• Encased Knot – A knot whose rings of annual growth are not intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.
• Intergrown Knot – A knot whose rings of annual growth are completely intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.
• Loose Knot – A knot that is not held firmly in place by growth or position and that cannot be relied upon to remain in place.
• Pin Knot – A knot that is not more than ½ inch in diameter.
• Sound Knot – A knot that is solid across its face, at least as hard as the surrounding wood, and shows no indication of decay.
• Spike Knot – A knot cut approximately parallel to its long axis so that the exposed section is definitely elongated.

Two or more knots grouped together as a unit with the fibers in the wood deflected around the entire unit.

Hydraulically operated loading boom whose mechanical action imitates the human arm.

Comparatively coarse paper particularly noted for its strength; unbleached grades are used primarily as a wrapping or packaging material.

Larch

When some woods are quarter-swan, a mottled effect is revealed in the section through the medullar rays. In some woods, like maple and elm, the effect is very subtle, but in others it is regular and distinctive. The classic examples are European or London place (Platanus acerifolia) and Roupala (Roupala brasiliensis). These species are often referred to as lacewood.

A finish; a clear varnish.

A large screw, usually 4 inches or longer, with a hex head, tuned with a wrench.

A “piece” of wood built up of plies or layers that have been joined; either with glue or mechanical fastenings. The term is most frequently applied where the plies are too thick to be classified as veneer and when the grain of all plies is parallel.

Structural wood members constructed of veneers laminated to make a “flitch” from which pieces of specific sizes can be trimmed.

Acres of forest land that are actually available for forest management. This involves future trends not only in forest growth but also in deletions from the land base.

• Basal Area Jam Acre – Land class based on total area per acre.
• Site Class – Classification of forest land in terms of its inherent capacity to grow crops of industrial wood. Expressed in cubic-foot growth per acre per year.
• Site Index – Expression of the growing potential of a specific forest site based on the height of a free-growing dominant or co-dominant tree of a representative species in a forest of the same type at a specified age.
• Stand Age – Age of trees of the dominant forest type and stand-size class.

A cleared area in the woods to which logs are yarded for loading onto trucks for shipment to a processing plant. This is also known as brow, deck, dock, or ramp.

• Gross Area – Entire area of land and water as determined by the Bureau of Census.
• Forest Land – Land at least 16.7% stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for non-forest use.
• Commercial Forest Land – Forest land capable of producing crops of industrial wood and not withdrawn from timber utilization by statue or administrative regulation. Included are areas suitable for growing crops of industrial wood and generally capable of producing in excess of 25 cubic feet per acre of annual growth.
• Non-Commercial Forest Land – Unproductive forest land incapable of yielding crops of industrial wood because of adverse site conditions. Also, productive forest land withdrawn from commercial time use through statue, administrative regulation, or exclusively used for Christmas tree production.
• Reserve Forest Land – Noncommercial forests that are productive but reserved for recreation of other non-timber uses.
• Land Area – Area of dry land and land temporarily or partially covered by water such as marshes, flood plains, streams, sloughs, and estuaries. Canals less then 1/8 mile wide, lakes reservoirs, and ponds smaller then 40 acres are included as land area.
• Non-Forest Land – Land that has never supported forests. Land formerly forested where forest use is precluded by development for non-forest uses, such as cropland, improved pasture, residential areas, and city parks.

A thin, narrow wooden strip, used as a backing for wall plaster or other materials.

The part of a trees annual growth ring that is formed later in the season.

A paint containing pigments and a stable water suspension of synthetic resins that forms an opaque film through coalescence of the resin during water evaporation and subsequent curing.

In rotary cut and sliced veneer, the fractures or checks that develop along the grain of the veneer as the knife peels veneer from the log. The knife side of the veneer where checks occur is called the loose side. The opposite and log side of the veneer where checking usually does not occur is called the tight side.

A framework of crossed wood made of laths or other thin pieces of wood. Lattice often can be bought pre-made in 4×8 sheets.

Lumber

Less than Carload

A strip of uncut timber left between cutting units or adjacent to another resource such as a stream. This is also known as a buffer strip, green strip, or streamside management zone.

A length of a board that is horizontally attached to the side of a house and holds up one edge of a deck.

This term indicates that a railcar is not loaded full, nor does it meet minimum requirements as prescribed by railed tariffs.

An instrument for asserting whether a surface is horizontal, vertical, or at a 45 degree angle; essentially consists of an encased, liquid-filled tube containing an air bubble that moves to a center window when an instrument is set on an even plane.

Light Framing

Longer

Length LIN (Lineal)

The national grading rules contains three grades of light framing; construction, standard and utility. Nominal sizes are 2 to 4 inches thick and 2 to 4 inches wide. The abbreviation (LF) is used to indicate a specific section in the grading rules under which the lumber was graded.

A slight difference in color which will not materially impair the appearance of a piece if given a natural finish.

A complex chemical substance making up approximately 25% of wood substance; interspersed with cellulose in forming the cell wall. Lignin stiffens the cell and functions as a bonding agent between cells; the second most abundant constituent of wood, located in the secondary wall and the middle lamella.

The part of the tree above the stump that does not meet the requirement for saw logs or upper stem portions. Includes all live, sound branches to a 4-inch outside back diameter minimum.

A sedimentary rock composed largely to minerals calcite, and/or aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium.

A measurement of the length of a board (i.e. – Three 8-foot-long 2x4s and four 6-foot-long 2x4s both would be described as 24 linear feet of 2x4s).

A level that hangs from a mason’s line; typically used to transfer level elevations from one post to another.

This is an amber-colored, fatty oil extracted form the cotyledon and inner coats of the linseed. The raw oil extracted from the seeds by hydraulic pressure is pale in color and practically without taste or order. When boiled or extracted by application of heat and pressure, it is darker, has a bitter taste and an unpleasant odor.

The amount of weight any structure is designed to support. Most deck designs call for a live load of 60 pounds per square foot.

The area found by multiplying the beam spacing by the post spacing to determine the post thickness required by building codes.

A railroad term to accord light weight lumber shipments the same freight rate consideration as heavier species on higher carload minimum weights. If a car is loaded full, shipper obtains benefit of lowest rate even though minimum weight requirements for lowest rate haven’t been met.

Rigging suspended from a spar tree guy line immediately above the line of haul and terminating in a loading block.

A door lock.

8-foot or longer tree segment.

A pile of logs on a wood landing or in a mill yard.

A person employed in the production of logs and/or wood from standing timber, also known as a Lumberjack.

Used in the eastern and western regions: layout, on a topographical map, of roads, landings, and setting boundaries of a logging area.

Unused portions of pole timber and saw timber trees killed by land clearing, cultural operations, or timber harvesting.

An area to be logged; a block or strip.

A vehicle used to transport logs. A logging truck consists of a cob, containing the engine and a place for the driver to sit, and a trailer on which logs are placed. The trailer usually has an adjustable carriage in order to accommodate loads of various lengths.

A tool used to raise a log from the ground during bucking. Similar to a peavey, but with a flattened steel loop on the underside so when the hook fastens into a log on the ground and the handle is lowered, the log is jacked up and remains elevated.

A table intended to show the amounts of lumber that may be sawn from logs of different sizes under various assumed conditions.

Measure of the volume of wood in log/logs, usually expressed in board feet and based on various log scaling rules.

Intermolecular attraction forces between non-polar molecules that result when instantaneous dipoles induce matching dipoles in neighboring molecules.

A section cut from the bottom log of a tree and culled because of rot and other defects.

At term currently synonymous with skyline skidding.

Parallel to the direction of the wood fibers.

A cable system capable of skidding logs for 3,000 feet or more.

Pulpwood 120 inches or more in length.

A timber harvesting method in which harvested trees are moved to the landing either as whole trees or as topped and limbed tree-length logs. At the landing, further processing such a limbing, topping, bucking, chipping, or loading is carried out as necessary.

A knot not held in place by growth, shape or position.

Consists of a small portion of the wood being loosened or raised but not displaced.

Commercially available lighting systems that use a transformer to reduce the needed electrical current. These lighting systems are designed for do-it-yourself applications.

Lodgepole Pine

Logs which have been sawn, planed, and cut to length; a manufacture product derived from a log in a saw mill, or in a sawmill and planing mill. Which when rough shall have been sawed, edged and trimmed at least to the extent of showing saw marks in the wood on the four longitudinal surfaces of each piece for its overall length, and which has not been further manufactured other than by cross-cutting, ripping, resawing, joining crosswise and/or endwise in a flat plane, surfacing with or without end matching and working.

• Factory and Shop Lumber – Lumber intended to be cut up for use in further manufacture. It is graded on the percentage of the area that will produce a limited number of cuttings of a specified minimum size and quality.
• Matched Lumber – Lumber that is edge dressed and shaped to make a close tongued-and-grooved joint at the edges or ends when laid edge to edge or end to end.
• Nominal Size – As applied to lumber, the size by which it is known and sold in the market, often differs from the actual size.
• Patterned Lumber – Lumber that is shaped to a pattern or to a molded form in addition to being dressed, matched, or shiplapped, or any combination of these workings.
• Rough Lumber – Lumber that has not been surfaced but has been sawed, edged, and trimmed.
• Shiplapped Lumber – Lumber that is edge dressed to make a lapped joint.
• Side Lumber – A board from the outer portion of the log; originally one produced when squaring off a log for a tie or timber.
• • Structural Lumber – Lumber that is intended for use where allowable properties are required. The grading of structural lumber is based on the strength or stiffness of the piece as related to anticipated uses.
• Surfaced Lumber – Lumber that is dressed by running it through a planer.
• Yard Lumber – Lumber of all sizes and patterns that is intended for general building purposes having no design property requirements.

The National Dimension Manufacturers Associated defines both hardwood and softwood dimension components as being cut to a specific size from kiln-dried rough lumber, cants, or logs.

A record of lumber giving the number of boards or pieces by width, thickness, length, grade and species.

Plywood where thin sheets of veneer are glued to a core of narrow boards. Lumber-core plywood differs from regular plywood in that regular plywood is made up of successive layers of alternating grain veneer.

One who works in forest performing a variety of jobs related to the harvesting of timber; most commonly used in the Northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Also known as a logger.

A tool resembling a ruler with a handle at one end and a hood at the other which is used to calculate the board footage of a piece of lumber.

Record of lumber giving the number of boards or pieces by size, grade, and species; often expressed in MBF.

The cell cavity in wood anatomy.

Thousand

• Dark brown to black heartwood
• Mostly straight grain by may sometimes be irregular or wavy
• Fine and even texture
• Exceptionally heavy, dense wood
• Hard to work with hand or machine tools
• Pre-boring is necessary for nailing
• Used for cabinet work, walking sticks, musical instruments, billiard cues, and decorative veneers.

The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped by various cutting processes.

A bolt typically configured with a hex head, a nut and a blunt end. It is meant to hold two pieces, usually the support structure by pinning them together; the threads hold only the nut and don’t screw into the wood itself.

Cost per unit of time for owning and operating a logging machine or some logging equipment. In accordance with engineering practices, the rate is composed of fixed costs such as depreciation, interest, taxes, and license free, and variable costs including fuel, lubricants, and repairs and replacement of components such as tries and wire rope.

• Machine Availability – Machine availability is expressed as a percent of the scheduled operating time during which a machine is not under repair or service. In other words, it is the percentage of the scheduled operating time during which the machine is mechanically fit and is itself capable of doing productive work. It is expressed by scheduled operating time minus mechanical delay time divided by schedule operating time and multiplied by 100.
• Machine Down-Time – Time during which a machine cannot be operating in production or auxiliary work because of breakdown, maintenance requirements, or power failure.
• Machine Utilization – Machine utilization is expressed as a percentage of the scheduled operating time that is productive time. It is computed by productive time divided by scheduled operating time and multiplied by 100.
• Scheduled Non-Operating Time – Time when no production is scheduled for a machine.
• Idle Time – Scheduled non-operating time during which a machine is not working, moving, under repair, or being serviced.
• Out-Of-Shift Repair Time – Part of non-operating time during which a machine is actually undergoing repair. Waiting time is not included here as in the in-shift repair time element.
• Out-Of-Shift Service Time – Part of non-operating time when a machine is actually undergoing service time. This does not include waiting time.
• Scheduled Operating Time – Time when a machine is scheduled to do productive work. Time during which a machine is on standby as a replacement machine is not considered as scheduled operating time. When a machine is replaced, the scheduled operating time of the replaced machine is considered as ending when the replacement arrives on the job. Scheduled operating time of the replacement commences when it starts to move to the location of the machine it is replacing. Extension of the regular shift operation into overtime is considered as scheduled operating time.
• Operating Time – Time during this period can be either productive or delay time. Delay time is the sum of disturbance time, service time, and repair time.
• Mechanical Delay Time – Part of scheduled operating time spent in repair or service during which a machine cannot work. It does not include replacement of oil filters and spark plugs as scheduled in a preventative maintenance program. Servicing is fueling, lubricating, and doing the work specified in a scheduled preventative maintenance program. When a machine is being serviced while under repair, the time involved is to be classified as repair time, not service time. Repair and service time occur in both scheduled operating and non-operating time.
• In-Shift Repair Time – Part of mechanical delay time when a machine is actually undergoing repair plus the time during which a machine is waiting to be repaired or for repair parts, mechanics, or facilities. This is the same as repair time.
• Active Repair Time – Time during which actual repair work is being carried out on the machine itself or a dismantled part of the machine.
• Repair Time – Sum of active repair time, waiting repair time, and time spent servicing the machine while undergoing repair.
• Waiting Repair Time – Time during which the machine is waiting for a mechanic, spare parts, or repair equipment. This includes time for transporting the machine to and from the workshop.
• In-Shift Service Time – Part of mechanical delay time when machine is actually undergoing service plus the time a machine is waiting for service parts, mechanics, or repair facilities. This is the same as service time.
• Service Time – Time for normal service and maintenance.
• Non-Mechanical Delay Time – Part of scheduled operating time during which a machine is not doing productive work for reasons other then repair or service. This time may be subdivided by causes; weather or terrain conditions, waiting for another phase of an integrated operation, assisting other machines, and operator talking with visitors.
• Disturbance Time – Examples are: time spent for logging down, towing, detail planning, talking to supervisor, waiting for wood, and waiting for better weather.
• In-Shift Moving Time – The part of non-mechanical delay time during which a machine is moving or being transported. Includes the time taking to move or transport the machine between operating sites or between camp and site, assuming the machine is not under repair service. It does not include time spent moving between adjacent working positions on any one site.
• Operational Lost Time – Time during which production is halted due to things such as operating conditions, non-availability of auxiliary equipment, or using the machine in a non-productive manner to assist other machines.
• Personnel Time – Part of non-mechanical delay time in which a machine lacks an operator or any other member of the machine crew.
• P.M.H. – Productive Machine Hour
• Productive Time – Part of scheduled operating time in which a machine is performing a function for which it was scheduled. Also, time spent in carrying out the task; the sum of actual productive and other productive time.
• Actual Productive Time – Time spent using the machine to carry out the actual task.
• Other Productive Time – Time when the machine is carrying out tasks other than those for which are intended.
• S.M.H. – Scheduled Machine Hour
• Total Time – Total elapsed time for the period under consideration; total time for a period of 1 week is 168 hours (7 days multiplied by 24 hours per day).

Lumber that has been evaluated by mechanical stress rating equipment; each piece is nondestructively tested and marked to indicate the modulus of elasticity. MSR lumber is also required to meet certain visual requirements.

In cable yarding, the line used to bring logs to the landing.

Road that supports a high level of traffic, usually well built and well designed.

• Pick-red to blood red and red-brown heartwood
• Straight grain
• Lustrous and uniform texture
• Tends to split in nailing, holds screws well
• Used for furniture, cabinets, turnery, high-class joinery, interior fittings, laboratory benches, boat building and marine plywood.

A tool like hammer with a wooden, rawhide or rubber head.

Estimated volume of timber on commercial forest land that could be cut annually for the next ten years while improving tree stocking and bringing about a more even distribution and age classes. Annual managed harvest is considered separate from harvest cuttings and thinnings and is determined by a computer using an area control system that specifies the number of acres to be cut annually.

Computation of pertinent data, such as volume or basal area and increment and mortality of stands, to assess silvicultural opportunities.

Unit of work preformed by one man in one hour.

The producing sawmill sawing lumber from logs.

A sales representative for a particular sawmill or several non-competitive lumber manufacturers.

Includes all defects or blemishes that are produced in manufacturing, such as chipped grain, loosened grain, raised grain, torn grain, shkips in dressing, hot and miss, variation in sawing, mis-cut lumber, machine burn, machine gouge, mismatching, and insufficient tongue and groove.

To select and indicate, usually with paint, trees to be felled in a logging operation and to be left may also be marked.

Selecting and indicating, by a blaze or paint spot, the trees to be cut or left in a timber cutting operation.

Iron tool that tapers to a point. This is used to separate strands of rope.

A material with adhesive properties, usually used in relatively thick sections, which can be readily applied by extraction, trowel, or spatula.

A temporary roadway constructed of hardwood lumber.

A stand of trees that has attained an age or size that satisfies the primary economic goal for which it is managed.

Thousand Board Feet.

Thousand (ft.) board measure.

Moisture Content.

Medium density fiberboard, very stable underlay for counter tops etc. to be covered with laminate.

Survey line at the high-water mark on navigable lakes and streams. This line is where continuous vegetation ends and muddy or sandy shore beings.

The process of dividing the merchantable tree stem into segments of specified length for the purpose of bucking. Measuring a stand begins when a worker begins dividing the first tree into desired lengths and ends when the last tree has been measured.

A tape of cloth, paper, plastic, or steel marked off in a linear scale, as of inches or centimeters, for taking measurements.

Adhesion between surfaces in which the adhesive holds the parts together by interlocking action.

Logging in which most or all of the hand labor is replaced by machines; requires a large outlay of capital.

A special type of tempered hardboard characterized by a very fine, smooth finish. MDF is used in cabinet making.

Wood with 4 to 6 rings per inch.

In forestry, the measurement of both standing and harvested timber.

Merchantable

Smallest utilizable top.

Merchantable Top

A tissue capable of active cell division, thereby adding new cells to the plant body.

Unit of weight equal to 1,000 kilograms. Approximately 2,205 pounds.

• Heartwood is a dull golden brown with variegated irregular markings
• Straight grained
• Medium-coarse texture
• Works easily with both hand and power tools
• Moderately durable
• Resistant to preservatives
• Used for cabinets, furniture, decorative boxes, boat decking, vehicle bodies, and light construction

Mixed Grain

An extremely narrow bevel along a cutting edge, which increases the sharpness angle for greater edge durability.

Lumber that is in varying grades and widths.

Planed and patterned lumber for finish work in buildings, including items such as sash, doors, cornices, panel work, and other items of interior or exterior trim. This does not include flooring, ceilings, or siding.

Paint made with milk solids, chemically akin to casein glue, often the original finish on antique furniture.

An olive to green-black or brown discoloration of undetermined cause in hardwoods.

A joint with two mitered surfaces connected by a spline.

An apparatus to guide a saw to make miter joints.

A tool that slides into a slot on a power tool such as a table saw, router table, band saw, etc. A miter gauge can be adjusted to different angels and is used to slide the stock past the blade.

Pieces that are cut on an angle to make a joint.

Worked material that does not fit tightly at all points of contact between adjoining pieces or in which the surfaces or adjoining pieces are not in the same plane.

A railroad car loaded with various kinds, sizes and/or species of lumber.

Lumber may be both vertical and flat grain.

Moulding

Capable of being moved from one location to another.

Theoretical abstraction, usually capable of mathematical manipulation, used to evaluate a problem or a subject of interest.

Wood processed by chemical treatment, compression, or other means to impart properties quite different from those of the original wood.

A type of housing in which major components are assembled in a factory and then shipped to the building site to be joined with other components to form the finished structure. The components are usually uniform incremental sizes; permitting some flexibility of design while maintaining the structure of individual elements. Sometimes called “prefabricated’ or “prefab” housing by laymen; these terms are avoided by the industry because of negative connotations.

The relationship between the amount a piece deflects and the load causing the deflection determines its stiffness.

A measure of the amount of water in a piece of lumber.

A strip of material with a profile cut on the facing edges, used for trimming.

The sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule.

Circle of twisted strands of wire rope used as a temporary line to connect the eye splices of two lines.

A half tool with adjustable jaws for turning nuts of varying sizes.

Act of making a fire safe after it has been controlled by extinguishing or removing burning material along or near a control line.

Modulus of Rupture

The standard for the taper on the shanks of drill chucks, drill bits and lathe centers. The different size tapers are designated by numbers, #1 being the smallest, #3 is common for drill chucks.

A rectangular hole cut into a piece of wood to accept a tenon.

Any joint consisting of a projection (tenon) on the end of one timber and a corresponding slot (mortise) on the other.

Number or sound wood volume of healthy trees that have died from natural causes during a specified period.

A term used to describe various figuring effects, from subtle lacewood to a more velvety figuring.

Small shaped lengths of wood used for both interior and exterior trim.

Developed in the making of other standard grades; each piece is graded on the basis of the percentage of the area suitable for ripping into strips of a given minimum size and quality.

Machine Stress Rated

Malaysian Timber Certification Council.

A deck that has several discrete areas at different levels. The different levels often are built to conform to a sloping terrain or make a transition from a second story to a ground level.

A deck that has several discrete areas at different levels. The different levels often are built to conform to a sloping terrain or make a transition from a second story to a ground level.

Practice of forestry that combines two or more objectives.

Concept of forest management that combines two or more objectives, such as production of wood or wood-derivative products, forage and brown for domestic livestock, proper environmental conditions for wildlife, landscape effects, protection against floods and erosion, recreation, and protection of water supplies.

Management of land resources with the objective of achieving optimum yields of products and services from a given area without impairing the productive capacity of the site.

A skyline having one or more intermediate supports.

An operation handling two or more stems at the same time.

A strip of metal or wood separating and holding panes of glass in a window or door.

Tract of partly forested peat-land supporting mosses, shrubby plants, and scattered trees.

Nose One Edge

A short shaft of metal with a narrow blunt point used to set nails below the surface of wood by placing the blunt end on the nail head and striking the other end with a hammer.

Caused when the metal bleeds around the nail hole.

A hardness measurement conducted at the nanometer scale. Nanoindentation hardness uses an extremely small indenter of a hard material and specified shape to press into the surface of a specimen with sufficient force to cause deformation.

A term applied to the oils, resins, tars and pitches derived from oleoresin contained in, exuded by, or extracted from tress chiefly of pine species or from the wood of such trees.

In cable yarding, the line used to bring logs to the landing.

Content of lumber when calculated from measurements of actual dimensions, including tongue or lap.

The rough-sawn size of a piece of lumber. When purchasing planed lumber, it is sold by its nominal, rough sawn size. Usually expressed in terms of the nearest inch regardless of actual surface, or net sizes (i.e. – 2×4 is the name for a rough cut piece of about 2×4 inches. It is then finished by planning and sometimes sanding it down to its actual dimensions).

A tree species in which small size, poor form, or inferior quality is typical. These species do not normally develop into trees suitable for conventional forest products.

A router bit without a guide bearing.

Any process of treating wood with a preservative or fire retardant where pressure is not applies.

Consists of the following States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, and Nebraska.

To make an undercut in a tree, preparatory to felling it in a given direction. This is also known as a box or an undercut.

Top-grade logs, such a number one peeler, or a number-one saw log.

• Creamy-white to pale yellow
• Moderately fine and even texture
• Interlocked grain
• Low bending and crushing strengths
• Stiffness and resistance to shock loads are low
• Extensively used where durability and strength are unimportant

A truck designed to handle loads exceeding legal highway size and weight restrictions. These trucks are not driven on highways; they are used in logging operations conducted on other types of roads.

A decorative molding profile with an “S” shape.

Biologically a stand of timber that is near its climax; such trees may be 200 years or older. In timber management planning, old growth also refers to timber that is older then the rotation age planned for future forests; this definition may include trees that are 100 years or less.

A method of measuring distance between two structural members, such a joists, where you measure from the center of one member to the center of the other. It is usually abbreviated O.C.

Common classification of painters for woods with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut. This is also known as ‘coarse texture’.

A van that can be loaded from above and is often covered by a tarp or mesh.

A scientific approach to decision making that involves the operations of organizational systems.

Estimated volume of timber on commercial forest land that could be cut annually for the next ten years while improving tree stocking and bringing about a more even distribution and age classes. Annual managed harvest is considered separate from harvest cuttings and thinnings and is determined by a computer using an area control system that specifies the number of acres to be cut annually.

The distance between parallel roads that gives the lowest combined cost of skidding and road construction costs per unit of log volume.

An electric sander that moves the abrasive in an elliptical pattern.

A structural panel made of narrow strands of fiber oriented lengthwise and crosswise in layers, with a resin binder. Depending on the resin used, OSB can be suitable for exterior or interior applications.

Refers to having unique and independent properties in three mutually orthogonal planes of symmetry; longitudinal, radial, and tangential.

The side of a power tool where the board exits.

Stabilizers that are generally found on Knuckleboom loaders or mobile chippers.

The weight of a piece of lumber that has been dried, under high temperatures, in an oven until it is devoid of all water. This is used to calculate the moisture content of wood.

Wood completely dried until it is without any moisture content.

Point at which timber has begun to lessen in commercial value because of size, age, decay or other factors. Many trees in a virgin or old growth stand are over-matured and are, in fact, dying of old age.

The difference between the log scale of a shipment of timber and the volume of the actual lumber obtained from it.

The measurements-of thickness, width, or length-of a piece of lumber which are used to compute the space occupied.

Layer of foliage in a forest canopy including the trees in a timber stand. Tall mature trees that rise above the shorter immature understory trees.

Any silvicultural treatment with the desired end result being the removal of the over-story component from the growing stock of a multistoried stand. Examples are outright harvest, girdling, and simply felling the over-story.

• County – Land owned/leased by counties for more then 50 years.
• Farmer Owned – Land owned by operators of farms. A farm must include ten or more acres from which the sale of agricultural products totals $50 or more annually, or, if less than ten acres, the yield must be at least $250 annually.
• Forest Industry – Land owned by companies or individual operating wood-using plants.
• Indian – Tribal land held by the Federal Government but administered for Indian tribal groups and Indian trust allotments.
• Miscellaneous Federal – Federal land other than National forest, Bureau of Land Management, and Indian land.
• Municipal – Land owned/leased by municipalities for more then 50 years.
• National Forest – Federal lands that have been designated by Executive Order or statue as National Forests, or purchased units and other land under the administration of the USDA Forest Service.
• Other Public – Public land other than National Forests.
• State – Land owned/leased by States or local public agencies for more than 50 years.

A few woods are cut into oysters, a cross-section of end grain either at right angles to the grain or at an oblique angle.

Posts and Timbers

Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii.

Any pigmented liquid or mastic composition designed for application to a substrate in a thin layer that converts to an opaque solid film after application.

A portable platform used as a base for stacking, storing, and transporting goods in a unit.

Large, flat upward-curving metal plate on which log ends or pallets are placed to make skidding easier and prevents digging in and rutting.

The distinction between paper and paperboard is not sharp, but broadly speaking, the thicker, heavier, and more rigid grades of paper are called paperboard.

Paragraph PART — Partition

Any tree whose seeds are used to product progeny for use in genetic experimentation. Usually the parent tree is selected because it displays characteristics either interesting from a research standpoint or desirable in an operational forest management program.

The aggregate component of particleboard manufactured by mechanical means from wood.

A type of manufactured plywood that is made from ground up and glued scrap wood. Particle board is very dense, heavy and flat.

A logging area in which only part of the trees are felled and bucked, as opposed to clear cut.

Plywood that is made by gluing a thin layer of veneer to a piece of particleboard.

Seasoned to some extent by exposure to the atmosphere, but still considered green or unseasoned.

Pattern

A light-weight block hung at the top of the spar tree and used to lift the bull block and other gear in rigging the tree.

Timber purchased based on a dollar amount for a certain amount/volume of wood, such as dollars per MBF. Payment is made only as timber is cut and transported.

The gross weight of a loaded vehicle minus the weight of the vehicle itself.

Generally, unconsolidated material that consists mainly of un-decomposed, or only slightly decomposed, organic matter accumulated under conditions of excessive moisture. More specifically, a layer of organic material containing plant residues that may show little, if any, morphological change and that have accumulated as a result of submergence in water or through being in a very wet environment.

A stout wooden lever, fitted with a strong, sharp spike used for rolling logs.

Pockets or areas of disintegrated wood caused by advanced stages of localized decay in the living tree; it is usually associated with cypress and incense cedar; there is no further development of peck once the tree is felled.

To convert a log into veneer by rotary cutting.

A high-grade log from which veneer is peeled, on a lathe, for the production of plywood. Peelers are most frequently from old-growth trees. The resulting veneer is usually clear and used in sanded plywood.

Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes, which was formally known as the Pan European Forest Certification Scheme.

A hardwood dowel usually ranging from 5/8 of an inch to 2 inches in diameter.

An ornamental termination to the low end of a hammer post, king post, queen post, etc.

A system of measuring the size of a nail. Originally derived from a unit of weight, pennyweight is represented by the letter “d”.

Mean annual growth or increase in volume during a specific period of time.

• Belongs in the Ebony family
• Orange-brown streaks, in dark brown and black heartwood
• Straight grain and fine and even texture
• High bending and crushing strengths
• Medium stiffness
• Used for textile shuttles, cabinets, and paneling

• Dark brown with blackish streaks
• Straight to wavy grain
• Medium bending strength and resistance to shock loads
• High crush strength
• Low stiffness
• Works easily with hand and power tools
• Nails and screws easily
• Moderately durable
• Used for high-class furniture, cabinet making, musical instruments, carving, sporting goods, and decorative veneer.

Precision End Trimmed

A type of screw head requiring a driver in the shape of +.

The inner part of a trees bark that delivers water and other nutrients.

Photosensitivity is the degree in which all species change in response to natural sunlight or UV light. Contrary to popular belief, all species, both domestic and exotic are affected by sunlight. Depending upon how much natural sunlight or UV light the hardwoods receive will determine how quickly the change takes place. Red Oak, Maple, Hickory, and many other domestic species will generally fade in color and/or yellow as the urethane/stain is effected by the UV light. Generally exotic species will darken and richen in color with exposure to UV light. There are manufacturers who have UV inhibiting finishes on their products, and these will prolong the changes due to UV light, but this does not prevent them completely, the floors will still change.

The process that plants use to synthesize nutrients from water and minerals, using light.

A class of a group of plants. Phylum is a botanical term used by botanists to classify plants.

A sharpened or pointed pale, post, or stake usually used as fencing.

Payment for labor where income is related to output.

A masonry post. Piers often serve as above-gate footings for posts and often are made of pre-cast concrete.

Located or formed at the base of a mountain range; an example would be piedmont terrace. Area, plain, slope, glacier, or other feature at the base of a mountain, such as a foothill or bajada. In the United States, the plateau extending from New Jersey to Alabama and lying east of the Appalachian Mountains is considered a piedmont.

Round timber of any required size or length, usually used with smaller end in the ground.

A router bit fitted with bearing above the cutter which rides on the edge of a board or template, keeping the bit a fixed distance from the edge.

From any cause approximately 1/16” in diameter.

One knot over ½” in diameter.

Any evergreen tree of the genus Pinus, native to northern temperate regions. Trees with needle shaped sprees growing in clusters.

A router that is fixed above a table with its bit point down. A pin in the table is aligned with the bit and used to route the workplace.

Hooking device normally found on the rear of a piece of equipment and used to pull or attach a cable or trailer.

A colloquialism for a landing, also known as a deck or ramp.

The number of teeth on a saw blade per inch.

A pocket of resinous sap confined within the grain of many conifers.

Shake or check which is filled with pitch.

A well-defined accumulation of pitch in the wood cells in a more or less regular streak.

A soft core in the center of a tree trunk.

A narrow streak, resembling pith on the surface of a piece, resulting from burrowing of larvae in the growing tissues of the tree.

A drawing showing both horizontal (plan) and vertical (profile) delineation of the road survey.

An instrument used to mechanically measure an area by tracing the perimeter on a place surface. This is typically used to estimate the size of an area from scale maps.

A method of sawing lumber, where the log is cut tangential to the growth rings.

Surfaced or planed lumber; products worked to pattern, such as flooring, ceiling, and siding.

A piece of lumber, from 2 but not including 5 inches thick, generally used with wide face horizontal.

A forest stand regenerated artificially either by sowing or planting.

An artificial regeneration method in which a new stand of trees is established by restocking the area with tree seedlings.

The major horizontal timber which runs from one end of the frame to the other and supports the base of the rafters.

A butt joint that is reinforced with a football shaped “biscuit”. The biscuits are usually made from compressed pieces of wood, usually birch. When a biscuit comes into contact with glue in the joint, it swells creating a tighter joint.

Softening wood by hot water, steam, or chemical treatment to increase its moldability.

Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau

A term used to describe something that is perfectly perpendicular to the earth relative to gravity. A plumb bob on the end of a string will give you a line that is plumb or straight up and down.

A usually conical metal weight attached to the end of a plumb line.

Starting a cut in the center of a log using the tip of the chain saw blade. This is also known as boring.

A router mounted on a spring loaded base. The router can be turned on and plunged down into the work piece.

A flat panel made up of a number of thin sheets, or veneers, of wood in which the grain direction of each ply, or layer, is at right angels to the one adjacent to it. The veneer sheets are united, and under pressure, via a bonding agent.

A nail gun activated by air pressure.

A well-defined opening between the rings of annual growth, usually containing pitch or bark.

A hole drilled on an angle with a step bit to make a butt joint. The larger hole is for the screw head to enter, and the smaller hole is for the shank.

Advanced decay which appears in the form of a hole, pocket or area of soft rot usually surrounded by apparently sound wood.

A stand used to hold the air hose and electrical connections mounted behind the cab on a truck tractor. This is also known as a hitchhiker.

Characteristics of a molecule in which the positive and negative electrical charges are permanently separated, as opposed to non-polar molecules in which the charges coincide.

Young tree at least 4 inches and less than 8 to 12 inches in D.B.H.

Trees from 5 to 11 inches in D.B.H.

Arbitrary term for small sawn timber trees. Generally, trees 12 to 18 inches in D.B.H. This is also known as small saw timber.

A compound formed by the reaction of simple molecules having functional groups that permit their combination to proceed to high molecular weights under suitable conditions.

A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monometer are linked together to form large molecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substance.

Market price of logs delivered to a wet site, log pond, or tidewater.

• Creamy-white to grey in color
• Straight grained and fine texture
• Very low stiffness and resistance to shock loads
• Medium crushing strength
• Low bending strength
• Nails satisfactory and glues easy
• Used for bottoms of trucks, wagons, and carts, drawers, interior joinery, toys, flooring, and boxes.

Wood with larger than normal pores and vessels.

Something that can be picked up and carried from one location to another.

• Anvil – A fixed steel block that provides support and resistance for the chipper knife.
• Chipper Deck – Infeed deck of a chipper, including the chain that feeds the material to be chipped.
• Chipper Discharge – Denotes the direction chips leave the chipper housing. May be horizontal, overhead, or from the bottom.
• Chipper Infeed – A series of rollers at the front portion of the chipper where the material to be chipped enters.
• Chipper Knife- Replaceable piece of steel with sharpened edge; attaches to a rotating drum.
• Chip Separator – Portion of a chipper that includes a chipper spout for the separation of needles and twigs from chips.
• Chute – Out-feed portion of a chipper. This is also known as a discharge spout.
• Counter Knives – A piece of steel that breaks a chip into desired lengths. Found behind, and similar in appearance to, the chipper, knife.
• Fan – The part of a chipper that creates an air stream, moving the chips out of the chipper housing.
• Feed Plate – A vertical plate of steel that prevents the tree in the chipper from passing beyond the disk.
• Reed Rate – Distance the stock being chipped moves during a given interval of time or operational cycle.
• Infeed Throat – The somewhat funnel-shaped portion of the Infeed that causes the tree to move forward to the feed and downward to the anvil.

Upright or vertical timbers erected within the frame that provide structural support of the members above.

A metal piece attached to or imbedded in the footing that attaches the post to the footing and keeps the post from being exposed to moisture in the ground.

A small piece of wood attached to the top of the post to cover the posts wood grain and protect the post from the weather.

A treatment applied to an adhesive assembly following the initial cute, to complete cure, or to modify specific properties.

Large pieces (nominal dimensions 5” by 5” and larger, width not more than 2” greater than thickness) of square or approximately square cross section graded primarily for use as posts or columns.

The estimated maximum sustained yield cutting level (stated for a period of time such as a year or decade) attainable with intensive forestry; considers productivity of the land, conventional logging technology, standard cultural treatments, and interrelationships with other resource uses and the environmental. Excluded in the estimates are the effects of fertilization, genetic improvement, and irrigation, which have not yet been proven to be economically feasible over large portions of the country.

Transmissions that can be shifted while transmitting full engine power to the tracks or wheels.

Ponderosa Pine.

Lumber is trimmed square and smooth on both ends to uniform length.

Condition of too much cure, set, or solvent loss of the adhesive before pressure is applied resulting in inadequate flow, transfer, and bonding.

Any substance that, for a reasonable length of time, will prevent the action of wood-destroying fungi, bores or various kinds, and similar destructive life when the wood has been properly coated or impregnated with it.

Any process of treating wood in a closed container whereby the preservative or fire retardant is forced into the wood under pressure greater than one atmosphere.

Cutting trees from a young stand so that the remaining trees will have more room to grow to marketable size. Trees cut in a pre-commercial thinning have no commercial value and normally none of the felled trees are removed for utilization. The primary intent is the improve growth potential for the trees left after thinnings.

Moving pulpwood from a stump site to a truck loading site by carrying it off the ground. This is also known as forwarding.

To circle several logs with binders so the entire unit can be hauled as one log.

To remove small understory trees, windfalls, or special products such as poles or pilings from a stand ahead of the main logging to prevent breakage.

Cutting specified high-valued wood products such as poles and pilings before cutting the remainder of the trees.

Deliberate use of fire under conditions where the area to be burned is predetermined and the intensity of the fire is controlled.

Any substance applied to wood that helps it resist decay, harmful insects, or rotting.

A process of impregnating lumber or other wood products with various chemicals, such as preservatives and fire-retardants, by forcing the chemicals into the structure of the wood using high pressure.

Maintenance measures taken in advance to avoid breakdowns.

Road designed and maintained for a high level of use. Typically an all-weather gravel road that is used in a permanent road system.

Movement of a felled tree from the stump to a landing.

This is the wood that is on the main or primary surfaces of a piece of furniture. These are the premium or money woods of the cabinet.

A log that is a given size and free from defects.

A pair of inclined timbers that are framed into a bend and used with either purlins or secondary rafters or alone.

The order in which items are to be yarded.

An independent operator who produces and delivers pulpwood to a deal or pulpwood company.

Time during scheduled operating hours when a machine performs it’s designated function (time exclusive of such things as machine transport, operational or mechanical delays, and servicing or repair).

An organization that was developed to address the issues of the multitude of certification programs with competing standards and serves as an endorsement system that provides international recognition for national forest certification programs.

To protrude above the surface so it is sticking out a bit.

Removal of live or dead branches from standing trees, usually the lower branches of young trees and of multiple leaders or shoots in plantation trees – for the improvement of the tree or its timber. Cutting away of superfluous growth, including roots, from any plant to improve its development.

An instrument for measuring the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

Pressure Treated

Mechanically ground or chemically digested wood used in manufacturing paper and allied products.

A curved steel hook with a wooden cross handle; used in handling pulpwood.

A log that does not meet the one-third merchantability standard for a sawn log but contains a minimum of 50-percent sound wood fiber by volume.

A mill that converts pulpwood to wood pulp.

Small trees and saplings that will be ground to produce paper. Lumber farmers often over-plant their acreage and remove smaller trees for pulp as the crop matures.

Round wood used as a source of wood fiber in a pulp mill. Wood cut or prepared primarily for wood pulp and subsequent manufacture into paper, fiberboard, or other products, depends largely on the species cut and the pulping process.

The middleman who buys pulpwood from the producer and sells it to the pulp mill company or acts as a commission broker for the company in producing pulpwood.

A fine, abrasive powder that is made from volcanic ash. Pumice is used with a felt block in woodworking to rub out (polish) a finish.

A horizontal member of the roof frame which runs between rafters.

• Deep-purple violet when freshly cut
• Straight grained, sometimes interlocked
• Moderate to fine texture
• High strength in bending, stiffness, and crushing
• Medium resistance to shock loads
• Rather difficult to work with
• Very durable
• Used for heavy outdoor construction, bridge building, dock work, flooring, tool handles, furniture, and billiard tables.

A tool used that is to safely push a board through a table saw or other power tool.

Paper Wrapped

One Quadrillion (1 X 10(15))

• Mortality of Growing Stock – Volume of sound wood in live sawn timber and pole timber trees dying annually from natural causes. Natural causes include fire, insect disease, and animal damage; weather and suppression.
• Mortality of Saw Timer – The net board-foot volume of sawn timber trees dying annually from natural causes.
• Net Annual Growth of Growing Stock – Annual change in volume of sound wood in live sawn timber and pole timber trees, plus total volume sound wood in live sawn timber and pole timber trees, plus total volume of trees entering these classes through growth, minus volume losses resulting from natural causes.
• Net Annual Growth of Saw Timber – Annual change in volume of live sawn timber trees plus total volume of trees reaching saw timber size, minus volume losses resulting from natural causes.

A method of cutting lumber where the annual rings are relatively perpendicular to the face of the board. Quarter-sawn lumber tends to be more dimensionally stable then other forms of lumber, such as plane-sawn.

A vibrating sander that uses ¼ size piece of sand paper. It is not an aggressive sander and removes very little material. Optimal for finishing flat surfaces.

Random Lengths

Random Widths

R/L (RL)

Coincident with a radius from the axis of the tree or log to the circumference; in a round timber or piece of lumber, a line or surface extending outward from the heart-center; a radial surface is always edge-grain.

A drill press with the head mounted on a tube which is laterally and vertically adjustable. This type gives greater throat clearance but is not as solid as a conventional drill press so run out can be a problem.

The sloping main line of the roof frame.

A vertical structural support for the railing, sometimes also supporting the deck itself and extending down to a footing. Rail posts are thicker than balusters and are attached with bolts to the joists or beams.

The roughened condition of sanded wood when the hard latewood rises above the soft earlywood when moisture is applied.

A piece of wood that is the center of a frame and panel assembly.

The angle at which the leading edge of the teeth are cut on a saw blade.

A tooth set that has a uniform set angle and a three tooth set sequence of left, right, and straight.

A nail gun used in construction and manufacturing to join materials to hard substances such as steel and concrete.

Lumber of various lengths, usually in even two-foot increments. Lumber offered as random-lengths will contain a variety of lengths which can vary greatly between manufacturers and species. A random-length loading is presumed to contain a fir representation of the lengths being produced by a specific manufacturer.

A long and flat steel tool with raised teeth for shaping wood; some rounded on one side.

The speed at which a tree increases in size. This may be measured radically in the trunk, or in the dimension of the crown or other tree part. One unit of measure in wood is in number of annual growth rings per inch.

A generic term used to describe certain tool movements, such as the cone-to-slip engagement on permanent packers or plugs.

A ribbon like figure caused by the strands of cells which extend across the grain in quarter-sawn lumber.

Random

A wooden or metal structural member connecting a logging trailer to a truck tractor.

Abnormal wood tissue that was formerly in a leaning tree. Reaction wood is very unstable and extremely prone to warping and cupping when sawn into lumber. This wood has distinctive anatomical and physical characteristics. This characteristic is typical in parts of leaning or crooked stems and in branches; it tends to restore to the original position of the branch or stem if this has been disturbed. This is also known as tension wood.

A portable power saw with a reciprocating blade. Can be used with a variety of blades depending on the application and kind of cut; generally has a plate that rides on the surface that is being cut.

An exceptionally large Californian conifer, Sequoias semervirens, which yields red wood. This is a hot favorite as a decking timber because of the natural decay resistant qualities and beautiful tones.

• Pinkish with a red tinge
• Mostly straight grained
• Coarse textured
• Medium bending strength
• High crushing strength
• Used for flooring, furniture, and interior joinery.

Restocking an area with forest trees.

Renewal of a tree crop, either by natural or artificial means.

A statistical technique used to evaluate relationships among variables.

Rough

To salvage small timber, culls, and other residuals following the main logging operation.

A freestanding platform located away from the house, typically placed for a good view.

Trees remaining after an intermediate or partial cutting of tree crops or stands. In general, residuals are by products of an operation. Examples are chips from lumber production and hog fuel from any wood processing operation. This is also known as waste.

Trees remaining in an area after the cutting operation has been completed.

The actual or assumed value of a machine after it has been fully depreciated.

Wood or bark that is left after a manufacturing process.

The property where a strained body gives up its stored energy on the removal of the deforming force.

An organic material that has an indefinite and often high molecular weight, exhibits a tendency to flow when subjected to stress.

Intercellular passages that contain and transmit resinous materials.

The study of the deformation and flow of matter.

A pile of evenly stacked cordwood, stave, bolts, or other short-length wood.

A horizontal timber to which the tops of rafters are fastened. This is also called a ridge board or a roof tree.

A horizontal timber which connects rafter pairs at the peak.

The beams connecting rafter to rafter at the apex.

Diagonally grained lumber.

To install the blocks and lines used in a cable logging system.

Cables, blocks, and other equipment used in yarding logs.

A strip of land on which a road is to be constructed.

A circular rot in a log. Any rot localized mainly in the springwood of the growth rings, giving a concentric pattern of decayed wood in the cross section of a tree or log.

A nail with grooves and ridges around the shank to prevent the nail from popping out of the wood as the wood contracts and expands because of changes in moisture and temperature.

A right of someone owning land located on the bank of a natural watercourse, such as a river, lake, or tidewater, to access or use the shore, bed, or water.

A cut made parallel to the grain of a board.

Fine horizontal striations visible on the tangential longitudinal surfaces of certain wood. Due to the stories arrangement of the rays or of the axial elements or of both.

Rough stones of various sizes placed compactly or irregularly on the ground surface to prevent scouring by water or debris.

Redwood Inspection Service

The vertical distance from one stair tread to another.

The vertical piece between two stair steps.

A screw head requiring a driver with a square tip. This is also referred to as a socket head.

A roller that has an absorbent surface used for spreading paint.

An engineered building component that supports the roof in place of rafters. Roof trusses are constructed in a triangular shape with a number of interconnected pieces that spread a load evenly across the truss.

Roll-over protective structures that protect the operator if a machine overturns.

A machine that peels bark using knives.

A power hand tool with rotating blades that smoothes the surface of material.

Veneer which was cut from a log in one long sheet. Rotary cut veneer is cut from a log like a roll of paper towels.

Period of years between establishment of a stand of timber and the time when it is considered ready for final harvest and regeneration. The planned number of years between the regeneration of a timber stand and its final cutting.

Lumber that has not been dressed (surfaced) but which has been sawn, edged, and trimmed to at least show saw marks in the wood on the four longitudinal surfaces on each piece for its overall length.

Lumber which has not been dressed or surfaced but has been sawn, edged, and trimmed.

Boards having attached bark on both edges.

Lumber that is either green or dried that has not been dressed (planed).

A length of cut tree generally having a round cross-section, such as a log or bolt.

Logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees for industrial or consumer use.

A high speed motor with handles and an adjustable base with a collet that accepts profile bits to cut dados, rabbets, and shapes.

A ball bearing rub collar near the top or bottom of a spindle shaper that is used to keep the work piece a fixed distance away from the cutters.

A tree used as a fender or pivot to protect the remaining stand during yarding.

A joinery method used in drop left tables where the tabletop has a convex profile and the left has a concave cut. The two pieces are joined by a hinge.

The horizontal distance from one stair riser to another, the depth of a stair step.

The amount of wobble in a shaper or router.

A moving cable

A system of two or more suspended moving lines, generally referred to as main lines and haul-back lines. Will provide lift and travel to the load carrier when tension is properly applied.

Random widths and random lengths.

Redwood

Surfaced one face

Surfaced two sides, one edge

Surfaced two faces and straight line ripped one edge

Society of Automotive Engineers

A lever used to tighten binders on loaded logging trucks.

A cleanup operation, generally with a small crew and light equipment, which collects merchantable material too small to be handled economically with big equipment. Salvaging timber damaged by wind, insect, fire, ice, or other natural causes.

• Range of colors between light orange to a dark reddish-purple brown
• Interlocked grain
• Moderately difficult to machine
• High density
• Used for fine furniture, interior millwork, hardwood flooring, stairs and molding.

Young tree less than 4 inches in D.B.H. The minimum diameter or saplings is usually, although not always, placed at 2 inches.

The new wood in a tree that lies between the bark and the heartwood. Sapwood is usually lighter in color and becomes heartwood as the tree ages.

A frame structure, normally glazed, that is hung or fixed in a frame set in an opening.

A trestle usually used in pairs to hold wood for cutting.

A basic, cutting process that uses a blade set with a series of teeth on its edge to cut a narrow opening in a work piece. Sawing may be used to produce slots or grooves or to separate the work piece into two pieces.

Grooves or notches that are made in cutting with a saw.

That part of the bole of saw timber trees between the stump and the saw log top.

Logs meeting minimum regional standards of diameter, length, and defect. Logs must be at least eight feet long, have a minimum diameter inside bark of six inches for softwoods and eight inches for hardwoods, and maximum defect as specified by regional standards.

Trees suitable for production of saw logs.

A brand of reciprocating saw manufactured by the Milwaukee Electric Tool Company.

Determination of the gross and net volume of logs using the customary commercial volumetric units for the product involved.

Removing small plants and duff or ashes from around the spot where a tree seedling will be planted. This is usually done by hand rather than by machine.

A temporary platform either supported from below or suspended from above, on which workers sit or stand while performing tasks at heights above the ground.

Shallow loosening of the soil surface.

A joint used to splice two timbers end to end.

A two-runner sled, without tongue or shafts, used to haul logs or bolts from the woods.

A tool used to install sheetrock, also known as drywall. Screw guns look like a normal drill, although they have a “nose” as opposed to a chuck. The nose holds an interchangeable shank bit, commonly known as a tip.

Shaping one member to the surface which it touches; for example, to fit a board snugly to a surface which is not straight.

Wood that has been dried to a certain moisture content to improve its serviceability. According to the grading standards of the Western Wood Products Association, seasoned softwood lumber is defined as having a moisture content of 19% (oven-dry basis) or less.

The process of removing the moisture from green wood to improve its workability and stability.

• Air Dried – Dried by exposure to air in a yard or shed, without artificial heat.
• Kiln Dried – Dried in a kiln with the use of artificial heat

Trees that come up naturally after the first growth of timber has been cut or destroyed by fire. This is also known as young timber.

A road designed for relatively little use. Typically, a dirt road, with no gravel, used only during dry weather.

Smaller sized timber rafters placed between principle rafters.

Movement of wood from the landing or transfer point. This includes movement by truck, rail, or water.

This is the material used in furniture that is not seen or on the sides or back of an object. These are the materials that make up the drawer sides, dust panels, backs and other hidden parts.

A land survey subdivision. This is usually one square mile (640 acres).

An area prepared to receive seeds, such as an area cleared of plants and duff, so that natural seed fall can establish a new forest.

Where ten percent of the stand consists of growing-stock trees, and saplings and/or seedlings constitute more then half this stocking.

Used to describe uncut blocks of trees that are left between and around small clear-cut blocks to provide seeds for natural regeneration.

A horizontal timber to which the tops of rafters are fastened. This is also called a ridge board or a roof tree.

In softwood lumber, the highest appearance grades are Select grades, usually separated as “B and better”, “C”, and “D” select grades. In hardwood factory lumber, Selects is one specific grade, placing in quality below Firsts and Seconds, but higher than Common grades.

High-quality lumber. This grade is recommended for all finishing uses where fine appearance is essential. Widely used for high-quality interior trim and cabinet work with natural, stain, or enamel finishes.

Cutting only a portion of the trees in a stand; usually those marked or designated by a forester.

Uneven-aged silvicultural system in which single or small groups of trees are periodically selected to be removed from a large area so that the age and size classes of the reproduction are mixed.

Removal of dominant trees that have exceeded the diameter limit prescribed; in favor of smaller trees with good growth form and condition. This will promote conversion to a selection forest.

A type of timber harvesting that removes only certain species above a certain size or value.

In softwood, lumber which has been graded strictly for its appearance. In hardwood, lumber which is one grade below first and second.

Logging truck with a loading device, generally a knuckleboom loader, mounted behind the cab.

A suspension of pigments in a drying oil designed to color and protects wood surfaces by penetration without forming a surface film and without hiding wood grain.

Material that has been separated from the whole tree during the chipping process and is unacceptable for pulp and paper manufacture. This is usually used as energy wood.

The teeth are offset on each side of the blade to allow clearance for the thickness of the blade.

Area logged to an one yarder set-up.

The area along a property’s edge where new construction is restricted or forbidden by local zoning laws.

A clevis or U-shaped metal fitting with a pin through the ends.

A structure built above decks, usually of posts and lattice, to provide a shaded area on the deck.

A lumber defect that is a lengthwise separation of wood; along the growth rings.

Shakes are very similar to checks, but usually wider and longer. They generally work from the heart of the tree outward, at right angles rather than parallel to the growth rings.

A machine with an interchangeable rotary cutter head to cut profile shapes on the edge or face or material

A small wood particle of indefinite dimensions developed incidental to certain woodworking operations involving rotary cutter heads usually turning in the direction of the grain.

A fitting used to attach the slack-pulling line to the main line on a skyline system.

Hydraulically operated scissor-like device for crosscutting the stem of a tree. One type of tree shear uses a cutting blade, which closes parallel to the anvil.

The capacity of an object or soil to resist shearing stresses.

Lumber, Plywood, oriented strand board, or wafterboard used to close up side walls, floors or roofs prior to the installation of finished materials on the surface. The sheathing grades are also commonly used for crates, pallets, and certain industrial products.

A grooved wheel or pulley.

A steel drum with short metal rods on the outside; sometimes shaped like a sheep’s foot. This is used for compacting soil.

Resin flakes dissolved in alcohol used as a finish for wood.

A method of harvesting timber so that selected trees remain scattered throughout the tract to provide seeds for regeneration and shelter for seedlings.

Even-aged silvicultural system in which a new stand is established under the protection of a partial canopy of trees. The mature stand is generally removed in a series of two or more cuts, the last of which is when the new even-aged stand is well developed.

Having moisture content (over-dry basis) of 14 to 20 percent. Results in reduced shipping weight and less susceptibility to decay. This is used in the international lumber trade.

Plantings established and managed under short-rotation intensive culture practices.

U.S. weight measure equal to 2,000 pounds.

Pulpwood less than 120 inches in length. Trees or stemwood portions of trees delivered in product lengths of less than 15 feet and normally considered only for pulpwood.

A two-drum, live skyline yarding system used in uphill logging, in which the carriage moves down the skyline by gravity, is lowered to attach logs, and is then raised and pulled to the landing by the main line.

The area of the void created when the waste around a tenon has been cut away.

A tool with a handle and a broad scoop or blade for digging and moving material, such as dirt or snow.

Any unit of operation in the woods associated with timber harvesting.

A decrease in wood dimensions due to loss of water in the wood cell walls. Shrinkage across the grain of wood occurs when the moisture content falls below 30 percent, the fiber saturation point. Below the fiber saturation point, shrinkage is proportional to moisture content, down to a moisture content of zero percent. Shrinkage is expressed as a percentage of the green wood dimensions.

Use of preloading trailers to reduce truck turn-around time.

A term for an adjoining object being below the object it is next to. This means a little below the surface.

Men and equipment needed to yard and load any one logging unit of an operation.

The finish covering of the outside wall of a fame building, whether made of horizontal weather boards, vertical boards with battens, shingles, or other material.

Major horizontal timbers which lie on the foundation and form the lowest part of the frame.

The process of tending, harvesting, and replacing forest trees, which results in the production of forests with distinct compositions. Systems are classified according to the method of harvest cutting used for stand reproduction.

The science and art of cultivation (such as with growing and tending) forest crops, based on the knowledge of silvics. More explicitly, the theory and practice on controlling the establishment, composition, constitution, and growth of forests.

A mechanized cutting tool that uses one hydraulic cylinder to push the cutting blade through the tree while a fixed anvil provides support for the blade on the trees opposite side.

Skyline without intermediate support spars.

An operation handling one tree at a time.

Classification based on ecological factors and the potential production capacity of an area; a measure of the relative production capacity of a site.

A structure constructed at the site where it is to remain.

The measure of forest productivity generally expressed as the height in feet of dominant and co-dominant tree species at a specific index age such as 25, 50, or 100 years. Sit indexes are normally grouped by site classes.

Removal or deadening of unwanted vegetation prior to planting trees; includes prescribed burning, use of herbicides, disking and other mechanical means of removing vegetative cover.

A term used when indicating the proportion of a useable forest site occupied by healthy, vigorous forest crop trees at any one point in time.

A motor truck with six powered wheels, two in front and four in back.

A load being pulled by the skidder.

The length of chain fastened around the end of a log.

A plate of heavy steel, round in front, placed under the front end of logs being skidded to prevent them from digging into the ground.

The tong used in skidding to grasp a log.

Logs or poles, commonly used in pairs, on which logs are rolled.

Skidder path through the woods.

A decorative board placed around the support structure of a deck to hide the structure below and give the deck a finished appearance. Skirts often are attached to the joists.

Cableway stretched tautly between two spar trees and used as a track for a skyline carriage.

A wheeled device that rides back and forth on the skyline for yarding or loading.

A yarding system capable of moving logs laterally to a skyline as well as transporting logs either up or down a skyline to a landing.

Skyline carriage that incorporates provisions for pulling slack in the skidding line.

An area bounded by the length and lateral yarding width of any given skyline setting.

The slant or inclination of the skyline chord, generally expressed as a percent.

A live skyline system employing a carriage, main line, and haul-back line. Both main and haul-back lines attach directly to the carriage. The skyline is lowered by a slackening of the line to permit the chokers to be attached to the carriage. Lateral movement is provided by side blocking. For drum standing skyline yarding systems in which either the slack pulling line pulls the main line through the carriage or a carriage that contains a skidding line is used. The haul-back line returns the carriage and holds it in place during lateral yarding.

A line used to pull the main line through a logging carriage.

Woody material or debris left on the ground after an area is logged. This is also known as brush.

A machine that bucks Longwood into Shortwood at the landing. This is always known as a bucker.

A wide bladed and long handled chisel pushed by hand to create flat surfaces.

A compound miter saw with horizontal sliding arms for the cutter head, allowing much wider cuts.

A loop of wire rope used in loading logs too large to be handled by tongs.

Relative movement in the direction of travel at the mutual contact surface of the traction or transport device and the surface that supports it.

A pear-shaped link, attached by a swivel to a chain. The chain runs freely through this chain when the large end is down but catches and holds when the small end is down.

A rounded hook that permits a chain to run freely through it.

A two-runner sled to haul logs or bolts out of the woods. Similar to a scoot except that the sloop is equipped with a tongue.

Live trees 1.0 to 5.0 inches to D.B.H.

A general term describing small-diameter material (such as what might be removed by a pre-commercial thinning) that is typically unsuitable for commercial roundwood products.

A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen.

The tendency to gouge the trailing end of material when running it through a joiner.

A line used for lowering a load.

• Soil Adhesion – The sticking of soil to foreign materials such as soil implements, tracks, or wheels.
• Soil Compaction – Increased soil density resulting from the packing effect of machines moving over the soil. Compaction disturbs the soil structure and can cause decreased tree growth, increased water runoff, and soil erosion.
• Soil Failure – Alteration or destruction of the soil structure by mechanical forces such as in shearing, compression, or tearing.

Rot occurring in the outer wood layers under very wet conditions.

Lumber often from a conifer, such as pine or cedar. The name softwood does not refer to the density of the wood. There are some hardwoods which are softer then some softwood.

• Creamy white and straight grained
• Medium bending and crushing strengths
• Low stiffness and resistance to shock loads
• Works satisfactorily with hand and machine tools
• Used for domestic flooring, interior joinery, piano actions, sports goods, and paneling

The close stacking of lumber or other products, without separation of layers with stickers, as in open piling.

The separation of forest products. This usually occurs at the landing.

A term referring to a board which has no or very few defects which will effect its strength.

Wood that is free from defect.

• Pink to reddish-brown color
• Highly figured
• Straight grain with a fine to medium texture
• Medium strength
• Low stiffness
• Works well with hand and machine tools
• Used for furniture, cabinet making, light construction, paneling, ornamental inlay, and decorative uses.

• Heartwood ranges from light to dark reddish-brown
• Straight to interlocked grain
• Medium to coarse texture
• Low bending strength
• Medium crush strength
• Very low stiffness and resistance to shock
• Used for high-class furniture and cabinet making, reproduction furniture, boat interiors, carving, turnery, and molding

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.

A species group composed of primarily of Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines. Various subspecies are also included in this group. This group refers to the Southeastern United States, from Texas to Virginia.

The act of creating, within the limits of the existing stand, a uniform distribution of trees that provides optimum growing space for each tree by eliminating overcrowding. As a result, tree diameter growth is increased and the time required for the forest to reach harvestable size is decreased.

These are an inexpensive bit, suitable for general use, they get their name from their shape.

The width of a building or overall length of a truss.

• Pale pinkish-brown heartwood
• Straight grain, sometimes interlocked
• Moderately coarse texture
• Strong in relation to its weight
• Easy to work with hand and power tools
• Durable
• Premier wood used for cigar humidor interiors, furniture, cabinets, paneling, flooring, boat building, clothing chests, decorative veneers, and plywood.

A tree or mast on which rigging is hung for one of the many cable hauling systems.

A category of biological classification; a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name. “Species” is always properly used with the “s” when referring to trees or other biological classifications.

Adhesion between surfaces that are held together by valence forces of the same type as those that give rise to cohesion.

The ratio of the weight of wood to an equal volume of water. The higher the specific gravity, the heavier the wood.

A defect that’s caused by a fungus living in a tree, which appears as small white pits of spots.

The rafter angle square is a triangular-shaped measuring tool used to draw straight lines on lumber to be cut, or to lay out angles for roofs, stairways, decks and other general construction. The tool is marked with degree gradations for fast layout and cutting of lumber without performing complex trigonometry calculations.

A narrow, turned piece of wood.

An attractive dark brown or black stain in some woods caused by decay. A change in the texture, strength and color of wood caused by colonies of fungus growing within the dead wood.

One who joins two pieces of cable together by intertwining the wire strands.

A separation of wood fibers that extends completely through a piece of lumber, usually at the ends.

A thin strip of wood fitting between two grooves to make a joint.

Used to shape curved surfaces, consists of a blade fastened between two handles, blades come in straight concave and convex curves.

To place a truck or trailer in position for loading.

A cloud of mist of fine liquid particles, as of water from breaking waves.

The quantity of adhesive per unit joint area applied to an adherent.

• Single Spread – Refers to application of adhesive to only one adherent of a joint.
• Double Spread – Refers to application of adhesive to both adherents of a joint.

A type of hardened steel that has both hardness and yield strength.

Tool with a narrow-shaped, curved blade used in removing bark by hand. This is also called a barking iron.

A road that supports a low level of traffic, such as a level that would serve one or two settings. Little or no engineering design work is needed to build it.

Canadian woods of similar characteristics that have been grouped for production and marketing. The SPF species have moderate strength, are worked easily to take paint readily and hold nails well. They are white to pale yellow in color. The largest volume comes from eastern Canada, where the principal species in the group are: Black Spruce, Red Spruce, Jack Pine, and Balsam Fir. The principal species of the group originating in Western Canada are Alpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Lodgepole Pine, and White Spruce. Some lumber production in the New England State also is marketed as Spruce-Pine-Fir (south).

An instrument used to lay out or test right angles, with two arms at 90 degrees to each other; the longer and wider arm is the blade, the shorter narrower arm is the tongue.

Bead of adhesive squeezed out of a joint when pressure is applied.

style of dado cutter has two outside saw blades, using a combination of chipper blades and shims between them the width of the dado is set.

A mobile machine for unloading and stacking or decking logs using the forklift principle and curved top clamps. A heavy-left machine similar to a front-end loader, with forks and clamps capable of handling and loading logs.

Cleat-cut settings separated by uncut timber.

A discoloration in wood caused by a chemicals, fungus, or minerals. A dye or pigment used to discolor wood.

• Blue Stain – A bluish discoloration of the sapwood caused by the growth of certain dark-colored fungi on the surface and in the interior of the wood.
• Brown Stain – A rich brown to deep chocolate-brown discoloration of the sapwood of some pines caused by a fungus that acts much like the blue-stain fungi.
• Chemical Brown Stain – A chemical discoloration of wood, which sometimes occurs during the air drying or kiln drying of several species, apparently caused by the concentration and modifications of extractives.
• Sap Stain – A discoloration of the sapwood caused by the growth of certain fungi on the surface and in the interior of the wood; made possible by the same conditions that favor the growth of other fungi.
• Sticker Stain – A brown or blue stain that develops in seasoning lumber where is has been in contact with the stickers.

In Silviculture and management, a tree community that possessed sufficient uniformity in composition, constitution, age, spatial arrangement, or condition to be distinguishable from adjacent communities. This tree community forms a silvicultural or management entity; for example, a sub-compartment. Both natural and artificial crops are included, and there is no connotation of a particular age. In Mensuration, the amount of timber and/or fuelwood standing on an area, generally expressed as volume per unit area; for example, board feet per acre or cubic meters per hectare. In the United States, growth of trees on minimum of one acre of forest land that is at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees of any size.

The general health of a stand of trees reflected by its development relative to the site potential. A good stand condition refers to a fully stocked stand that is producing fiber at a high rate based on specific site conditions such as moisture, soil quality, and other biological variables.

The number of merchantable trees per acre. A quantitative measure of tree stocking frequently expressed in terms of number of trees, basal area, or volume per unit area.

Measures such as thinning, release cutting, girdling, weeding, or poisoning of unwanted trees to improve growing conditions.

• Non-stocked Areas – Commercial forest land on which the stocking of growing-stock trees is less than 16.7 percent.
• Poletimber Stands – Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with growing-stock trees, with half or more of this stocking in sawtimber and/or poletimber trees. Stocking of trees exceeds that of sawtimber stands.
• Sapling-Seedling Stands – Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with growing-stock trees, with saplings and/or seedlings comprising more than half of this stocking.
• Sawtimber Stands – Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with growing-stock trees, with half or more of this stocking in sawtimber or poletimber trees. Sawtimber stocking at least equals poletimber stocking.

A table showing the number of trees by species and diameter classes, generally per unit area of a stand. Such data may be presented in the form of a frequency distribution of diameter classes.

A tooth form that has evenly spaced teeth, deep gullets, and a zero-degree rake angle.

A fixed cable that does not move during logging operations; for example, a skyline anchored at both ends.

Redwood

The main body of a tree from which branches grow. Used loosely to refer to trees. For example, stems per unit area.

Wood from the main part of a tree, not from the branches, stump, or root.

A piece of short pulpwood.

A ¾” to 1” wood strip that is inserted between stacks of green wood and spaced between 16” to 24” to allow air to flow through the stack to ensure proper drying.

Sometimes called shadow, it’s a stain that forms under the stickers in a stack of drying wood.

A loader with a boom that does not swing.

The decorative end of a chamfer.

A “story stick” or “story pole” is a scrap strip of wood used to record dimensions for a project on site, then the dimensions are used in the ship to build the project. This method reduces the chance or error due to misreading numbers etc.

A term applied to the axial cells and rays in wood when these are arranged in horizontal series on tangential surfaces.

A short cable with a loop at each end.

A stripe of ribbon pattern that occurs when woods with interlocked grain, which slopes in alternate directions, are quarter-sawn.

A handle of a peavey or cant hook.

The degree of utilization of land by trees. Measured in terms of basal area and/or the number of trees in a stand compared to the basal area and/or number of trees required to fully utilize the growth potential of the land. A stocking percent of 100 indicates full utilization of the site and is equivalent to 80 square feet of basal area per acre in trees five inches in D.B.H. or larger. A stocking percent of 100 in a stand of trees less than five inches in D.B.H would indicate that the percent number of trees is sufficient to produce 80 square feet of basal area per acre when the trees reach five inches D.B.H. A stocking percent over 100 is fully utilizing the site.

• Fully Stocked Stands – Stands in which the stocking of trees is from 100 to 133 percent.
• Medium Stocked Stands – Stands in which the stocking of trees is from 60 to 100 percent.
• Non-Stocked Areas – Commercial forest land on which the stocking of trees is less than 16.7 percent.
• Over-Stocked Stands – Stands in which the stocking of trees is 133 percent or more.
• Poorly Stocked Stands – Stands in which the stocking of trees is from 16.7 to 60 percent.

The period of time during which a packaged adhesive can be stored under specific temperature conditions and remain suitable for use.

A small drum on a yarder that handles the straw line.

A light-weight line used to change main skidding lines and tackle in cable yarding systems.

The ability of a member to sustain stress without failure.

The hypothetical ratio of the strength of a structural member to that which it has if it contained no strength-reducing characteristics.

A method of measuring the apparent stiffness of a material by measuring the speed of an induced compression stress as it propagates through the material.

A construction in which panels are separated from one another by a central partition of spaced strips with the whole assembly bonded so that it acts as a unit when loaded.

A timber or other support for cross members in floors or ceilings.

Wood elements glued together to form products that are similar in size to solid sawn lumber.

• Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) – Similar to oriented strand lumber with somewhat longer strands.
• Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) – Structural composite lumber manufactured from veneers laminated into a panel with the grain of all veneer running parallel to each other. The resulting panel is ripped to common lumber dimensions.
• Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL) – Structural composite lumber made from wood strand elements similar to those used in oriented strand board. The strands are oriented primarily along the length of the member.
• Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) – Structural composite lumber made from high aspect ratio wood strand elements manufactured from veneer oriented primarily along the length of the member. It is manufactured in billets and cut to lumber dimensions.

A structure uncompromised ability to safely resist the required loads.

Pieces of wood of relatively large size, the strength or stiffness of which is the controlling element in their selection and use.

A short timber placed in a structure either diagonally or vertically; designed to act in compression along the direction of its lengths.

A framing member, usually cut to a precise length at the mill and designed to be used in framing building walls with little or no trimming before it is set in place. Studs are most often 2x4s, but 2x3s, 2x6s, and other sizes are also included in the stub category; studs may be made of wood, steel, or composite material.

The value of timber as it stand uncut in the woods.

A heavy plate underneath a skidder that protects the back housing from contact with high stumps.

Slivers of wood remaining attached to the stump after a tree is felled; the slivers are considered as having been pulled from the butt of the log.

Wood cut into short lengths and piled near the stumps.

Chips manufactured from Stumpwood.

A vertical member of a door’s framework attached to the horizontal rails.

A material upon the surface of which an adhesive containing substance is spread for any purpose, such as bonding or coating.

The deck construction that is located below, and supports the deck boards and railing system. Components include joists and hangers, ledgers, rim joists, beams, posts, anchors, and footers.

Logging arch equipment with wheels instead of crawler tracks and towed behind a skidding machine.

A major horizontal timber which spans the girts or plates.

One of the four major crown classes, specifically trees with crowns entirely below the general level of the crown cover receiving no direct light either from above or from the sides. This is also known as overtopped.

A drying defect that occurs when the surface dries too quickly in relation to the core.

In adhesive bonding to wood, physical and chemical modification of the wood surface that result in reduced ability of an adhesive to properly wet, flow, penetrate, and cute.

A piece of wood that has been planed smooth on one or more surfaces.

The force per unit length acting in the surface of a liquid that opposes the increase in area of the liquid.

The way a piece of lumber has been prepared at the lumber mill.

This is a program that was established in 1994 and currently certifies over 152 million acres in the United States and Canada. It is based on the premise that responsible forest practices and sound business decisions can co-exist.
Independent certification bodies evaluate planning, procedures, and processes in the forest and in wood processing operations.

Timber yield that a forest can produce continuously at a given intensity of management. Sustained yield management therefore implies continuous production planned to achieve a balance between growth (increment) and harvest at the earliest practical time.

An area saturated with water throughout much of the year, but with the surface of the soil usually not deeply submerged. This is usually characterized by tree or shrub vegetation.

A Skidder equipped with high floatation tires.

A gradual bend in a standing tree or in a log, pole, or piling.

Trees greatly enlarged at the base.

Universal joint used in rigging to prevent lines from twisting.

Panels in which the plies on one side of a center ply or core are essentially equal in thickness, grain direction, properties, and arrangements to those on the other side of the core.

A slot milled in the shape of an upside down “T” to hold special bolts for clamps or jigs.

The property of an adhesive that enables it to form a bond of measurable strength immediately after adhesive and adherent are brought into contact under low pressure.

A cloth permeated with a sticky substance to wipe up the dust from sanding when finishing a project.

The combination of blocks and ropes used in cable logging.

The end portion of a birds-mouth joint which extends beyond the plate when there is a roof overhang.

In cable logging, the anchorage at the outer end of the skyline away from the landing. This is also known as a tailholt.

A piece of wood that has been cut so that it is wider on one edge compared to the other.

The new wood in a tree that lies between the bark and the heartwood. Sapwood is usually lighter in color and becomes heartwood as the tree ages.

A name given to loggers from any Southeastern state.

A type of forest, in terms of species mixture, size, stocking, and harvest age, considered best for a particular site in order to economically produce fiber in the qualities desires on a perpetual basis.

The tendency for a blade to splinter the last part of a piece of wood during crosscutting.

• Golden-brown color to darker chocolate-brown
• Generally straight to wavy grained
• Hard-medium density
• Medium bending strength
• High crushing strength
• Low stiffness and resistance to shock loads
• Pre-boring is necessary for nailing
• Extensively used for ship and boat building, decking, rails, and hatches; furniture, cabinet making, flooring, and garden furniture.

The time from which the machine goes into operation until it is no longer used in any operation. Normally, the unit for technical life length is productive time, expressed in hours.

Dense fiberboard that has been specially treated to increase its durability, strength, density, and moisture resistance.

A pattern. Often a template is made of hardboard and used with a pilot bit to route a shape in a board.

A jig mounted to the bottom of a router that is used to keep the router on the profile of a template when routing with a non-pilot beating bit.

In an adhesively bonded joint, a uni-axial force tending to cause extension of the assembly, or the counteracting force within the assembly the resists extension.

Reaction wood that forms on the upper side of a leaning hardwood tree.

A line used to restrain a balloon in flight; such as the line from a logging balloon to the butt rigging.

The size of the cells in wood, described as ranging from coarse to fine; often confused with grain.

A material that will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled.

A power-fed rotary planer that trims the surface of a board to a certain thickness.

Cuttings made in immature stands in order to stimulate the growth of trees that remain and to increase the total yield of useful material from the stand.

A unit of measurement equal to 1,000 feet of wood having a thickness of one inch.

An arc welding process that sues a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by a shielding gas, usually an inert gas such as argon, and a filler metal is normally used, though some welds, known as autogenously welds, do not require it.

A method of high-lead cable yarding in which the haul-back line supports the butt rigging and makes it possible to lift the butt rigging and its load over obstacles.

A blade that can be tilted in respect to a vertical position.

A cab on a machine that is hinged on one side and can be tilted back and lowered for transport.

A general term applied to a forest and its products. Sawed lumber more then 4×4 inches in breadth and thickness.

An economic appraisal of the monetary value of a timber stand.

A load-carrying structure of timbers ranging in size from 4×4 and up.

Timber products cut from roundwood and byproducts of wood-manufacturing plants. Roundwood products include logs, bolts, and other round sections cut from gowning stock trees, cull trees, salvable dead trees, tree on non-forest land, noncommercial species, sapling-size trees, and limbwood. Byproducts from primary manufacturing plants include slabs, edging, trimming, mis-cuts, sawdust, shavings, veneer cores and clippings, and screenings of pulpmills that are used as pulp chips or other products.

• Plant Byproducts – Wood products, such as pulpwood chips, obtained incidental to the production of other manufactured products.
• Plant Residues – Wood material from manufacturing plants not utilized as a product.

The net board-foot volume of live sawtimber trees removed annually for forest products, including roundwood products and logging residues, and other removals, such as growing stock trees removed by cultural operations, timber stand improvement work, land clearing, and changes in land use.

The intermediate thinning of a forest stand, prior to it reaching mature rotation age, generally for the purpose of improving growing conditions or controlling stand composition.

Timber still on the stump.

• Volume of Growing Stock – The volume of sound wood in the bole of sawtimber and poletimber from a stump to a 4-inch minimum top diameter outside bark or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs.
• Volume of Sawtimber – The net volume of the saw log portion of live sawtimber in board feet.

The point of the saw blade tooth that digs in and cuts the work piece.

Technical Life Length.

An indentation designed into the bottom of a cabinet to provide room to allow the user to stand closer to the countertop.

Clamps which can be attached to a base or table to hold work.

A pair of curved arms that pivot like scissors so that a pull on the ring connecting the shorter segments will cause the points on the long segments to bite into the logs. The tongs are activated by the pull on the loading line. Loading tongs without sharp points powered by air or hydraulic cylinders that close on a log.

A joinery method where one board is cut with a protruding “groove” and an identical piece is cut with a matching groove along its edge.

The read side of a saw blade tooth facing away from the direction of the cut.

The angle that measures the amount of space, or clearance between the tooth back and the work piece.

The front side of a saw blade tooth facing toward the direction of the cut.

The shape and geometry of a tooth.

The distance between one tooth tip and the next.

The angle formed by the tooth face and a line perpendicular to the back of the blade.

The side to side bending of teeth. Tooth Set if used to widen the cut and prevent pinching of the blade.

To cut off the unmerchantable top of a tree.

To cut limbs from downed tree tops so that no limbs are more than a specified length along the tree stem.

Attached to the posts and the top rail to support the top rail and balusters. It is also known as the top cap.

The horizontal member installed on the edge; attached to the top of the balusters as well as the posts.

A topographic map. This shows the elevation contours of the ground.

A short level used in deck building to set posts plumb. It is sometimes referred to as a canoe level.

The amount of force that is needed to turn an object such as a screw or bolt.

A centrifugal pump, driven by an engine, that rotates in a case filled with oil.

A screw head requiring a driver in the shape of a star.

A tree with a crown, main stem, and taproot. This does not include the lateral roots.

A quality of wood that permits the material to absorb a relatively large amount of energy, to withstand repeated shocks, and to undergo considerable deformation before breaking.

A steel mast used instead of a spar tree at the landing for cable yarding.

The principal water-conducting elements of the xylem, mostly vessel members and tracheids.